ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The answer is D.

The answer is A.

Globalization serves as promoting force for the emergence or revival of identity oriented non-state actors and on the international system as a facilitator of building ties among nations or among the groups, with shared civilizational and/ or religious identities, from different nation states.

Culture, civilization and religion are among the factors that contribute to the formation of identity. Each has more than one definition and each can be regarded as components of both individual and communal identities.

Kenneth Waltz was the first scholar to use the three-level analysis methodology in foreign policy analysis. He has defined the three levels as images. According to his classification, foreign policy can be analyzed at three levels: the system referring to the structure and the interaction of the states, the state referring to the internal affairs of the states and the individual referring to the foreign policy decision makers (Waltz, 1959).

Culture comprises a variety of factors associated with a community such as shared language, shared belief systems, ethical codes, worldview, lifestyle and traditions. These factors shape the group identity and they mark a resemblance within the thoughts and behaviours of the members of a community and differentiate them from nonmembers (Heywood, 2014, 235).

Ideology is a modern concept and its first use dates back to the French Revolution when it was used to mean “science of ideas” by the French philosopher Destutt de Tracy. Since then, there has been a wide discussion on the definition of ideology. Ideology, in its general definition, is “a system of ideas that aspires both to explain the world and to change it”. The discussion on ideology stems from the emergence of distinctive ideologies such as communism, socialism, fascism and some forms of nationalism since the second half of the 18th century

In modern history, industrial revolution is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

The process of economic globalization was accompanied by the ending of the Cold War and the triumph of liberalism as a political and economic ideology over communism in 1990s. Both of these two developments, more specifically, the rising interconnectedness of economic activities supported by the advancements in technology and the transformation of the international system, have caused an ongoing transformation not only on the economic activites but also on almost every aspect of the human life.

In contemporary politics, religious activism as a component of conflict and opponency to the state mechanism reveals itself in two ways. Religion becomes politicized; and coversely, politics are religionized. The contradiction and asserts that the underlying cause of the global resurgence of religion in the last decades is “the secularization of the sacred that has been at the center of the process by which the civilization of the western world developed” (2005, p. 2). Within this context, the secular nation state is criticized from the religious point of view by the adherents of different religions. Nevertheless, the relationship of the nation state, religion and nationalism as an ideology is quite complex.

As a non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to the organizations which are not established or coordinated by a government or any public institution, a civil society organization (CSO) is also an NGO. However, a CSO is also expected not to be attached to interest groups in the society which gather to secure or promote financial interests, e.g., business organizations.

The ideological rivalry was an important source of conflict during the Cold War period. In the aftermath, divisions based on cultural and religious
differences immediately took the place of the ideological rivalry.