ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

The answer is A

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The answer is E.

The answer is A.

The answer is B.

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The answer is A.

The European Commission defines violent extremism (VE) as “The use of and support for violence in pursuit of ideological, religious or political goals.” The concept of VE is not limited to be part of a violent act. Supporting, advocating, planning, organizing etc. such kinds of attacks are also regarded as components of VE.

The Jewish Zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire.

The word assassin is widely believed to be originated from the terror group active in a wide area from Iran to Syria and Egypt, led by Hasan-i Sabbah, acting with an ideological motivation derived from İsmailiyya branch of Shi’ism. Hasan-i Sabbah was widely regarded as both the propagandist of its strict sectarian stance, a military and ideological leader of its organisation, and a strategic mastermind behind selection of critical targets and capturing almost unconquerable castles and cities in order to hide its militants.

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies.

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations. Their “success” in assassinating quite high level officials, even including a tsar himself, namely Alexander II, and even more importantly their use of dynamites which opened up a new page within the context of the methods of terrorism made them a very important case in the history of terrorism.

Whereas extreme left terrorism reached its peak point in Europe during the Cold War years, Marxist extreme-left wing terror groups are still active in many countries and regions from the Latin America to the Middle East and Southeast Asia. On the other hand, coupled with rising Islamophobia, xenophobia, and anti-refugee discourse, extreme-right radical ideas and ensued violent acts are on the rise once again especially in Europe and the United States.

The tragic incident of the 9/11 attacks carried out by Al-Qaeda and subsequent declaration of a “Global War on Terror” by the then US President George W. Bush resulted in a higher attention to the subject more than ever. Even though Al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH are the two most “famous” examples of this category, various groups with different religious motivations resorted to terrorism over centuries.

The year 1979 was a key turning point after which studies about religion’s increasing significance to international politics became a hot topic. That year witnessed not only the Revolution in Iran but also the beginning of the Soviet efforts to invade Afghanistan.

In 2003, in Sri Lanka and Birmanya, Buddhist monks encouraged people to attack Muslims and even took part in the attacks killing dozens of Muslims. Similarly, in 2017 only, an ultranationalist Buddhist group called Ma Ba Tha, led by Ashin Wirathu, ignited violence against Muslims in Rohingya.

De-radicalization is a cognitive process with the goal of cutting the link between its target audience with radical ideas.