ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

Corruption is one of the structural motives and adventure, belonging, status, and purpose are among individual incentives.

Status is one of the individual incentives in radicalization and inequality, corruption, repression, and  unemployment are among structural motivators

The Zealots are regarded as the first terrorist organization in history.

The Assassins were active in a wide area from Iran to Syria and Egypt.

The Jacobins were supported by poor urban workers.

The “September decree” took place in 1793.

The anarchists from Russia used dynamite effectively.

Baader Meinhof in Germany is an ideologically motivated terrorist organization.

The Crusades lasted for 200 years.

Aleph is a Japanese terrorist organization.

Structural Motivators/Push Factors: Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations.

The Jewish Zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, the predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire.

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution.

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations. Their “success” in assassinating quite high level officials, even including a tsar himself, namely Alexander II, and even more importantly their use of dynamites which opened up a new page within the context of the methods of terrorism made them a very important case in the history of terrorism.

On that ground, a decade later, we witnessed the rise of an exceptional and highly influential group, al-Qaeda, the group behind the 9/11. Aside from militant Salafi-Wahhabi takfiri interpretations represented most speactacularly by al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH, different religious motivations, throughout the history, attracted people who carry out terror attacks and kill innocent people in the name of their beliefs.

Since more than half of the social media users are below the age of 25, we witness the rise of a “digital generation” or “Generation D” which increasingly use information and communication technologies more intensively and effectively whereas its attitude towards violence, radicalization, human rights, aid, conflict, and human life also shapes and is shaped by the very social networks and the Internet itself.

As part of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by criminals as well as radicals and terrorists, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and encrypted messaging applications help not only ordinary people but also cybercriminals to communicate much cheaper and much faster. In seconds, people can convey their audio, video, and text-messages to hundreds, thousands and even millions of people either to raise awareness on a humanitarian crisis, or for example, to show their criminal groups’ ruthlessness or simply, its capabilities.

UNSC Resolution 2242 emphasizes the important roles that women can play against violent extremism, it directly refers to violent extremism for the first time, calls for more active participation of women into both struggle against it and for preventing the negative effects of terrorism on women.

Disengagement refers to the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not. Therefore, it should be noted that de-radicalization refers to a cognitive process whereas disengagement refers to a behavioural change.