ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

Undoubtedly, the conceptualization of human rights necessitates a philosophical interrogation. First of all, it is an important starting point to question what the concept of the right itself means and whether is possible to have a common definition of a right on all humanity. The sources of rights, how to classify different rights, and to what extent rights are universal stand as important questions that must be discussed in human rights theory. In addition to these, there is a wide debate about the conditions of respect for human rights and the causes of human rights violations in the literature.

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions.

The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universality of human rights, relativity of rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights.

For the first time, in the Congress of Vienna of 1815 regulations were made to forbid trade of slaves, and similarly, the Slavery Convention of 1926, and afterwards the League of Nations had strictly forbidden the trade of slaves and slavery itself

For instance, Brysk states that some countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach special importance to human rights in their foreign policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the protection and promotion of human rights. In this line, especially Japan and Canada’s contributions to promoting human security at the global level should be appreciated as well. Japan tends to be more prominent in humanitarian and development assistance, while Canada tends to respond to more instant and close threats such as genocide and civil war.

Human Rights Watch is a non-governmental human rights organizations, which is therefore based on non-profit and voluntarily participants. Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world.

The English School is located at a difficult point in many aspects. English School, which shares some principles with Realism from one side, and with Constructivist theory by from the other side, has been interpreted in various forms by different names. Initially led by names such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to understand the nature of relations between states with the help of the concept of International Society.

The United Nations is the international human rights organization that started mainly for the reason of ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR)’. Thus, the correct answer is the option A.

John Locke defends the idea that sovereign power of society must not violate humans’ inherent natural rights consisting of life, liberty and property. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option B.

The council of Europe was founded in 1949. Within the frame of Council of Europe, The European Convention of Human Rights was established and The European Court of Human Rights was established as an international court. It aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity and to promote democracy. All the options except E are correct about the Council of Europe. As for E, not the Council of Europe but The United Nation is an international organization and started for the reason of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression are the four areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction.  Religious crimes are not one of these areas.

World Conference Vienna Declaration on Human Rights was held in not 1980 but 1993. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was declared in 1966 not in 1972. The European Court of Human Rights was established in 1959 not in 1945. The Prevention and Punishment of Crime Genocide was signed in 1948 not in 1978. So, all the options except A was incorrect. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris in 1948. Thus, the option A is correct.

The English School initially led by Bull, Watson, and Vincent shares some principles with Realism and Constructivist Theory and seeks a position between the concepts of justice and order. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Regimes are defined by Keohane as the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Normative Theory centres on what ‘ought to be done’ and suggests a reading of values by the use of non-positivist and non-empirical approaches to international relations. The correct option is A.

The United Nations and The Council of Europe are international organizations. Freedom House, Amnesty International and The Human Rights Watch are the non-governmental organizations. Different from the other non-governmental organizations, it is the Freedom House that possesses all these features indicated above in the question. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.

The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)