ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

The classification of rights are described as negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights

the explanation in the book is as follows:

non-state actor is a concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not state(s) such as “international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, de facto regimes, trade associations, transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational criminal organizations”

The explanation in the book is:

its principles which could be listed as “promoting and encouraging human rights,” “assisting the realization of human rights and fundemental freedoms for all without distinction as to reace, sex, language or religion,” and “observing human rights” (Laqueur and Rubin 1990, 196-197; Charter of the United Nations, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed 15 November 2017).

According to the book, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

The book explains that its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. The international Criminal Court (ICC) was firstly created by the Rome Statute in 1998 and then took effect in 2002, upon ratification by 60 States to promote and protect human rights and act against human rights’ violations in party countries.

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Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world

Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments.

Different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights. Thus, the correct answer is given in option A.

When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of absolute sovereignty in the face of human rights. Hence, the correct answer is C.

Brysk (2009) states that some
countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica,
the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach
special importance to human rights in their foreign
policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the
protection and promotion of human rights. Hence, the correct answer given in option A.

The United Nation (UN) is an international
organization established on 24th October 1945. So, the correct answer is E.

In order to protect human rights, it is also useful to
indicate that the UN has a successful mechanism
to control and monitor the implementation of
all nations which are members of the UN. With
many of subsidiary bodies, the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) is the most significant. OHCHR has
the right to promote and protect human rights
based on the principles of the UN. According to these information, the correct answer is given in option B.

Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims
to provide justice and international cooperation
in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy
through the protection of individual freedom,
political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to
facilitate economic and social progress of its
member states. Therefore, the correct answer is 1949, given in option E.

The International Criminal Court, which is responsible for the protection of human rights. Therefore, its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. Hence, the correct answer is given in option D.

Human rights in international relations are
generally evaluated under the heading of normative
theories. Normative theories that incorporate
valuable concepts such as justice and ethics, argue
that theories must be the catalyst of change beyond
simple descriptions. According to this, the correct answer is C.

The English School is located at a difficult point
in many aspects. English School, which shares
some principles with Realism from one side, and
with Constructivist theory by from the other side,
has been interpreted in various forms by different
names (Bellamy 2007, 75). Initially led by names
such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson
and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to
understand the nature of relations between states
with the help of the concept of International Society. In this context, the corect answer is given in option A.

Human rights
have also been included in international politics as
a general and accepted norm in this context. The
incremental spread of norms and its influence on
the internal politics of countries is called the norm
cycle. Norms introduced by norm entrepreneurs are
spread by the help of socialization usually provided
by international mechanisms at the first stage, and
then internalized and institutionalized in the final
stage. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option B.

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics. The subjects such as the history, classification and universality of human rights have been intensively debated and serious times have been spent on these issues. The post-Cold War international order, initially, was embraced with great optimism, but, shaken by civil wars and genocides, it has become more controversial over time. Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today.