ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“-ism”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

First of all; while region refers to a defined and clear area in one geographic space where boundaries are lined; with reference to Frost, regionalism expresses a political movement which is based on awareness of and loyalty to a region, combined with dedication to a region-wide agenda of some kind in the second phase. The suffix (“-ism”) in the word of regionalism suggests a conscious set of related ideas or ideology that is capable of forming the basis of a political movement or an intellectual trend. It implies a coordinated action on the part of governments based on some vision or set of ideas (Frost, 2008: 15). Thirdly; regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”. According to Frost, “regionalization is driven, brokered, and carried out primarily by private individuals acting on their own. Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

Real-life integration requires people-employees of multinational corporations, small-scale traders, representatives of civil society organizations, and many others”.

Integration is an act or process or an instance of integrating such as incorporation as equals into society or an organization of individuals of different groups such as races and coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality.

Source: Merriam Webster Dictionary, https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/integration.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action

To Achieve:

By:

Requiring:

Coordination

Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.

Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.

Cooperation

An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Collaboration

Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.

Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.

Harmonisation

Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.

Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Economic Integration

Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the

equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws

/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Administrative

/ Legal / Institutional Integration

A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.

Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action

To Achieve:

By:

Requiring:

Coordination

Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.

Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.

Cooperation

An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Collaboration

Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.

Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.

Harmonisation

Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.

Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Economic Integration

Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the

equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws

/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Administrative

/ Legal / Institutional Integration

A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.

Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

Table 3.1 Forms of Regionalism

Regional Collective Action

To Achieve:

By:

Requiring:

Coordination

Open consultation and access to information; and coordinated application of shared, best-practice norms and standards.

Establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

Voluntary consultations and agreements; possible resource sharing.

Cooperation

An effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all.

Developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Collaboration

Achievement of economies of scale and equitable benefits that cannot be achieved nationally.

Delivering regional public goods and pooled services.

Voluntary agreement to modes of regional collaboration; national governments are freed from daily management of these priorities.

Harmonisation

Achievement of shared institutional and/or legal objectives.

Entering into specific regional or sub-regional commitments to common policies, regulations, standards and/or processes.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Economic Integration

Greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the

equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Lowering physical and technical market barriers to enable freer movement of people and goods within and among countries.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country commits to amending their internal laws

/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives.

Administrative

/ Legal / Institutional Integration

A secure and well governed Pacific region pledged to upholding regional values.

Agreeing to common rules, standards and institutions to foster and sustain integration.

Legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation and to operating within regionally mandated requirements.

The term ‘regionalism’ has two connotations in the negative and positive meaning. In the negative sense, regionalism implies an “excessive attachment to one’s region to prefer to the country or the state”. When looked at its positive sense, it is “a political attribute associated with people’s love for their region, culture, language, etc.” by the view of maintaining the independent identity.

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations

Date

Formed

Population

(7,302,446,600)

Functions

Websites

African Union (AU)

2002

850,000,000

Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation

https://au.int

Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)

1945

404,034,810

Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation

http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/Welcome.aspx

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

1989

2,700,000,000

Economy, Cooperation

https://www.apec.org/

Association of Caribbean States (ACS/AEC)

1994

237,000,000

Economy, Consultation, Cooperation

http://www.acs-aec.org/

Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

1973

16,743,693

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation

http://www.caricom.org/

Central American Integration System (SICA)

1993

51,152,936

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation, Integration

http://www.sica.int/index_ en.aspx?Idm=2&IdmStyle=2

Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)

1994

210,000,000

Security, Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/ index_aengl.htm

Commonwealth of Nations (CON)

1931

1,921,974,000

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://www. commonwealthofnations.org/

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

1985

405,139,000

Economy, Development

http://www.eco.int/

Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)

2001

205,693,649

Economy, Development

http://www.eaeunion. org/?lang=en

European Economic Area (EEA/EFTA)

1994

500,017,119

Economy, Development

http://www.efta.int/eea

European Union (EU)

1957

500,900,000

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://europa.eu/

Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”.

The concept of region also shows macro-regions (regions of the world), which are larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system

The options is A,B,C,D can be regarded as the types of regionalism. However, sub-national is a type of region.

According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved by establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, for harmonisation, legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives are all required.

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

The African Union was formed in 2002.

Security is not listed as a function in the formation of Commonwealth of
Nations as a regional organization.

The Council of Europe (CE) is listed among the Regional Political Organizations

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents.