ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations.

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foste  a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries.

In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do. If an organization has general aims and carries out a wide range of activities, they are considered as international organization with general aims and activities, such as the UN.

In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe, which was established by the victorious powers at the Congress of Vienna, was designed to maintain peace and security in Europe.

The Hague Peace Conferences were huge steps towards the codification of international norms on peace and security and some of its features were adopted by other international organizations that were found later. For instance, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which was established as an instrument for the pacific settlement of international disputes, has been an inspiration for the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice as a part of League of Nations system and then the International Court of Justice as a part of UN system.

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

Except for the option C,  the rest are criteria listed by Judge

Except for option E, the rest are related to the role of arena

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives.

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out

option E is (Actor) one of the major roles, not function, international organization generally plays

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty,

membership and aims.

The weakening temporal power of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire demonstrated the difficulties of unifying such a diverse geographical area as the continent of Europe, even when the continent was under the threat of the Ottoman Empire. Thirty Years War ended the idea of a unified Christian Europe. The Peace of Westphalia and then the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe.

Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories.

option A liberalism

Option B functionalism

Option C neofunctionalism

Option E transactionalism

The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database (The Yearbook of International Organizations, n.d.).

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:
• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

During 1960s and 70s, Third World countries utilized the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as a forum at which they could articulate their trade and economic demands.