ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA

Fukuyama mentioned about the end of history

Wallerstein   states that the value set of liberal school of thought predicted a national and modern developmental state model to lead welfare economies also for the newly independent states

Hobsbawm mentions ‘age of extremes’ regarding fascism, Nazism, Marxism and communism

In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus aiming to find a western route to India, which was sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” began.

In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of
Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa.

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

The Age of Discovery led to a world in which foreign trade and colonialism became the main dynamics.

Territorial integrity principle created a European order, a balance of power within the continent not allowing any kingdom to be more powerful through complex alliance systems.

With alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia, the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) prevented the rising influence of the French Empire on Europe.

The Renaissance precipitated the Age of Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries) in various countries of Europe such as France, Scotland, Germany, and also in America. The values like liberty, separation of church and state, tolerance and scientific research became the characteristics of this new age.

The rise of new intellectual values of the Enlightenment Age, the economic crisis and the concomitant heavy tax burden on the ordinary people after the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), and the demand of participation in political decision making processes by newly emerged socio-economic classes all led France into turmoil by objecting Old Regime (Ancien Régime). The earlier aspects of the Old Regime such as feudality, nobility, patrimonialism and monarchy started to be questioned (Furet, 1996, pp. 3-40).

Since having found a seat in dictionaries of the early 1960s, globalization is a relatively new concept.

Held & McGrew (2003), in their comprehensive book, mention about different approaches regarding the concept:

Globalization has been variously conceived as action at a distance (whereby the actions of social agents in one locale can come to have significant consequences for ‘distant others’); time-space compression (referring to the way in which instantaneous electronic communication erodes the constraints of distance and time on social organization and interaction); accelerating interdependence (understood as the intensification of enmeshment among national economies and societies such that events in one country impact directly on others); a shrinking world (the erosion of borders and geographical barriers to socio-economic activity) ; and, among other concepts, global integration, the reordering of interregional power relations, consciousness of the global condition and the intensification of interregional interconnectedness. 

Thus, Mooney & Evans (2007) promote the ambiguous character of the concept and emphasize that “ (…) globalization concerns a field of inquiry defined more by the questions it asks and its object of study: the world as a whole and parts of it in relation to this whole.”

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES

START TIME

CENTRAL NODES

DYNAMICS

Eurasian Globalization

3000 BCE

Eurasia

Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires

Afro-Eurasian

1000 BCE

Greco-Roman world,

West Asia, East Africa

Commercial revolution

Oriental globalization 1

500 CE

Middle East

Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade

Oriental globalization 2

1100

East and South Asia and

multicentric

Productivity, technology urbanization; Silk Routes

Multicentric

1500

Atlantic expansion

Triangular trade, Americas

Euro-Atlantic

1800

Euro-Atlantic economy

Industrialization, colonial division of labour

20th Century globalization

1950

US, Europe, Japan:

Trilateral globalization

Multinational corporations, (end of ) Cold War, global value chains

21st Century globalization

2000

East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies

New geography of trade, global rebalancing

Table 1.1 Phases Of Globalızatıon

PHASES

START TIME

CENTRAL NODES

DYNAMICS

Eurasian Globalization

3000 BCE

Eurasia

Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, trade, ancient empires

Afro-Eurasian

1000 BCE

Greco-Roman world,

West Asia, East Africa

Commercial revolution

Oriental globalization 1

500 CE

Middle East

Emergence of a world economy, caravan trade

Oriental globalization 2

1100

East and South Asia and

multicentric

Productivity, technology urbanization; Silk Routes

Multicentric

1500

Atlantic expansion

Triangular trade, Americas

Euro-Atlantic

1800

Euro-Atlantic economy

Industrialization, colonial division of labour

20th Century globalization

1950

US, Europe, Japan:

Trilateral globalization

Multinational corporations, (end of ) Cold War, global value chains

21st Century globalization

2000

East Asia, BRICS, emerging societies, petro-economies

New geography of trade, global rebalancing

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa.

Thus, they jointly succeeded to eliminate the secular power of the Catholic Church on politics, economy, and society though it was the main figure of European politics throughout the Middle Age. The symbol of that elimination was the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed in 1648 after Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), widely known as the Peace of Westphalia. No official from the Papacy was invited to negotiations or signatures of the cited agreement. This event has been considered as an indication of the neglect of the Papacy in political decision-making of the new era.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signed during the last period of the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), was a cornerstone of this determination of making the order permanent. The treaty prevented rising influence of the French Empire on Europe, with alliance of Britain, United Provinces (Netherlands), Portugal, and Sardinia.

The UN based on criteria of international assembly. Each nation had a chair in UN General Assembly. Although Security Council, composed of fifteen members five of whom have permanent seats to generate a problematic issue about democracy of the Council; UN is still the most inclusive organization. It does not only regulate political sphere of the world, but also economic, social, and cultural fields with its funds, programmes and specialized agents.