ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 12

The first wave of dissolution in the modern international system occured in the aftermath of the World War I and it resulted in the emergence of nation states in a wide geography. The second wave occured due to the process of decolonization. This process started in the aftermath of the World War II and lasted until the 1970s. The third and the last wave, as mentioned above, was the result of the dissolution of the bipolar world system of the Cold War during the 1990s.

Huntington categorizes the civilizations of the world into eight as Western, Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Islam, Orthodox, Latin-American and African civilizations.

The Alliance of Civilizations Initiative is a joint project of Turkey and Spain.

The first civilization emerged in Mesopotamia.

Structural Motivators/Push Factors: Repression, corruption, unemployment, inequality, discrimination, a history of hostility between identity groups, external state interventions in the affairs of other nations.

The Jewish Zealot movement is regarded as the first terrorist organization and thus, the predecessor of all the terror groups. It emerged as a reaction to the Roman Empire’s rule in Palestine during its Imperial period, and its increasingly oppressive measures against the Jews and gradual loss of their autonomy within the Empire.

The Reign of Terror was a response to the rise of oppositional groups especially in Vandée resulting in a civil war and rising threat of being surrounded by enemies. The famous “September decree” of 1793 officially declared that the Reign of Terror is “the order of the day” and thus the republic would use terror against its “enemies” in order to preserve the republic and the achievements of the revolution.

The anarcho-terrorism in Russia in the 19th century is widely regarded as the predecessor of many modern terrorist organizations. Their “success” in assassinating quite high level officials, even including a tsar himself, namely Alexander II, and even more importantly their use of dynamites which opened up a new page within the context of the methods of terrorism made them a very important case in the history of terrorism.

On that ground, a decade later, we witnessed the rise of an exceptional and highly influential group, al-Qaeda, the group behind the 9/11. Aside from militant Salafi-Wahhabi takfiri interpretations represented most speactacularly by al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL/DAESH, different religious motivations, throughout the history, attracted people who carry out terror attacks and kill innocent people in the name of their beliefs.

Since more than half of the social media users are below the age of 25, we witness the rise of a “digital generation” or “Generation D” which increasingly use information and communication technologies more intensively and effectively whereas its attitude towards violence, radicalization, human rights, aid, conflict, and human life also shapes and is shaped by the very social networks and the Internet itself.

As part of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by criminals as well as radicals and terrorists, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and encrypted messaging applications help not only ordinary people but also cybercriminals to communicate much cheaper and much faster. In seconds, people can convey their audio, video, and text-messages to hundreds, thousands and even millions of people either to raise awareness on a humanitarian crisis, or for example, to show their criminal groups’ ruthlessness or simply, its capabilities.

UNSC Resolution 2242 emphasizes the important roles that women can play against violent extremism, it directly refers to violent extremism for the first time, calls for more active participation of women into both struggle against it and for preventing the negative effects of terrorism on women.

Disengagement refers to the process of making the individual abandon the active organization in which he/she either took part in violent acts or not. Therefore, it should be noted that de-radicalization refers to a cognitive process whereas disengagement refers to a behavioural change.

Aim, structure, and membership are main characteristics of international organizations.

Sovereign states started to emerge with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment,

It's federalism which is intertwined with regionalism in both theory and practice

Except the first option, all the others have given rise to that