ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 9

In order to protect human rights, it is also useful to
indicate that the UN has a successful mechanism
to control and monitor the implementation of
all nations which are members of the UN. With
many of subsidiary bodies, the Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) is the most significant. OHCHR has
the right to promote and protect human rights
based on the principles of the UN. According to these information, the correct answer is given in option B.

Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe aims
to provide justice and international cooperation
in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy
through the protection of individual freedom,
political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to
facilitate economic and social progress of its
member states. Therefore, the correct answer is 1949, given in option E.

The International Criminal Court, which is responsible for the protection of human rights. Therefore, its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. Hence, the correct answer is given in option D.

Human rights in international relations are
generally evaluated under the heading of normative
theories. Normative theories that incorporate
valuable concepts such as justice and ethics, argue
that theories must be the catalyst of change beyond
simple descriptions. According to this, the correct answer is C.

The English School is located at a difficult point
in many aspects. English School, which shares
some principles with Realism from one side, and
with Constructivist theory by from the other side,
has been interpreted in various forms by different
names (Bellamy 2007, 75). Initially led by names
such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson
and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to
understand the nature of relations between states
with the help of the concept of International Society. In this context, the corect answer is given in option A.

Human rights
have also been included in international politics as
a general and accepted norm in this context. The
incremental spread of norms and its influence on
the internal politics of countries is called the norm
cycle. Norms introduced by norm entrepreneurs are
spread by the help of socialization usually provided
by international mechanisms at the first stage, and
then internalized and institutionalized in the final
stage. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option B.

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics. The subjects such as the history, classification and universality of human rights have been intensively debated and serious times have been spent on these issues. The post-Cold War international order, initially, was embraced with great optimism, but, shaken by civil wars and genocides, it has become more controversial over time. Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today.

Undoubtedly, the conceptualization of human rights necessitates a philosophical interrogation. First of all, it is an important starting point to question what the concept of the right itself means and whether is possible to have a common definition of a right on all humanity. The sources of rights, how to classify different rights, and to what extent rights are universal stand as important questions that must be discussed in human rights theory. In addition to these, there is a wide debate about the conditions of respect for human rights and the causes of human rights violations in the literature.

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions.

The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universality of human rights, relativity of rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights.

For the first time, in the Congress of Vienna of 1815 regulations were made to forbid trade of slaves, and similarly, the Slavery Convention of 1926, and afterwards the League of Nations had strictly forbidden the trade of slaves and slavery itself

For instance, Brysk states that some countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach special importance to human rights in their foreign policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the protection and promotion of human rights. In this line, especially Japan and Canada’s contributions to promoting human security at the global level should be appreciated as well. Japan tends to be more prominent in humanitarian and development assistance, while Canada tends to respond to more instant and close threats such as genocide and civil war.

Human Rights Watch is a non-governmental human rights organizations, which is therefore based on non-profit and voluntarily participants. Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world.

The English School is located at a difficult point in many aspects. English School, which shares some principles with Realism from one side, and with Constructivist theory by from the other side, has been interpreted in various forms by different names. Initially led by names such as Hedley Bull, Martin Wight Adam Watson and R. J. Vincent, the English School is trying to understand the nature of relations between states with the help of the concept of International Society.

Economic integration aims to achieve greater economic prosperity founded on regional economic integration and sustainability and the equitable distribution of benefits and costs.

Bartolomeu Dias

Silk Road

1618-1648