ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 7

John Locke defends the idea that sovereign power of society must not violate humans’ inherent natural rights consisting of life, liberty and property. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option B.

The council of Europe was founded in 1949. Within the frame of Council of Europe, The European Convention of Human Rights was established and The European Court of Human Rights was established as an international court. It aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity and to promote democracy. All the options except E are correct about the Council of Europe. As for E, not the Council of Europe but The United Nation is an international organization and started for the reason of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crime of aggression are the four areas over which the founding Treaty grants the International Criminal Court jurisdiction.  Religious crimes are not one of these areas.

World Conference Vienna Declaration on Human Rights was held in not 1980 but 1993. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was declared in 1966 not in 1972. The European Court of Human Rights was established in 1959 not in 1945. The Prevention and Punishment of Crime Genocide was signed in 1948 not in 1978. So, all the options except A was incorrect. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was announced by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris in 1948. Thus, the option A is correct.

The English School initially led by Bull, Watson, and Vincent shares some principles with Realism and Constructivist Theory and seeks a position between the concepts of justice and order. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Regimes are defined by Keohane as the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Normative Theory centres on what ‘ought to be done’ and suggests a reading of values by the use of non-positivist and non-empirical approaches to international relations. The correct option is A.

The United Nations and The Council of Europe are international organizations. Freedom House, Amnesty International and The Human Rights Watch are the non-governmental organizations. Different from the other non-governmental organizations, it is the Freedom House that possesses all these features indicated above in the question. Thus, the correct answer is B.

A region is often defined as a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area. A region is basically “a part of the land surface of the earth”. In the geographical literature, regions can be defined in three ways as uniform, functional, and administrative areas, respectively.

While the term of region has been typically defined “as geographically proximate and interdependent states” and the term of regionalism “as attempts at formal cooperation between such states”, it is evident that for many scholars who study on the subject of region and regionalism “these definitions are today too narrow”. The resurrection and re-definition of ‘regionalism’ are among the prominent trends in the international studies of the present times. Regionalism has been brought back into the academic studies as well as the policy debates after some decades of neglect.

Regional cooperation is formed to achieve an effective and strengthened voice in protecting and sustainably harnessing the region’s physical, social and cultural assets for the benefit of all. It is formed by developing and committing to coordinated regional or sub-regional policies and strategies. It requires voluntary agreement to modes of regional cooperation; services are mainly funded and delivered nationally.

Regionalism is closely linked with the shifting nature of international politics and intensification of globalisation. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Regional Security Organizations are North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), European Union (EU), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), African Union (AU), League of Arab States (AL), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Council of Europe is among the regional political organizations.

NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means, and in security. NATO politically promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to build trust, solve problems, and prevent conflict in the long run. NATO militarily is committed to a peaceful resolution of disputes in international relations.

European Union, as a political regional organization, is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours in Europe, which culminated in the Second World War. The six founding countries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EU is not only faced with the dilemma of how to take care of them, but also finds itself the target of several terrorist attacks work for the settlement of conflicts and disputes involving Member States.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents. The OIC is the collective voice of the Muslim world. It endeavours to protect the interests of the Muslim world within the spirit of promoting international peace, welfare, and harmony among the peoples of the world.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect in 1994, creating one of the world’s largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for strong economic growth and rising prosperity for the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Since then, NAFTA has demonstrated how free trade increases wealth and competitiveness, delivering real benefits to workers, families, farmers, manufacturers, and consumers.

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

Except for the option C,  the rest are criteria listed by Judge

Except for option E, the rest are related to the role of arena