ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 6

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives.

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out

option E is (Actor) one of the major roles, not function, international organization generally plays

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty,

membership and aims.

The weakening temporal power of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire demonstrated the difficulties of unifying such a diverse geographical area as the continent of Europe, even when the continent was under the threat of the Ottoman Empire. Thirty Years War ended the idea of a unified Christian Europe. The Peace of Westphalia and then the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), laid the ground for the establishment of a sovereign state system in Europe.

Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories.

option A liberalism

Option B functionalism

Option C neofunctionalism

Option E transactionalism

Especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.

The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78)

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of rights include negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights. "Passive status rights" is not mentioned in this classification of rights.

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows: Negative status rights emphasize the restrictions of states and personal immunity. In other words, the conceptualization of negative rights, which point to a protected area in which states could not intervene in any way, constituted the basis for preventing the state’s tyranny. Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from falling into poverty. On the other hand, the third group of rights, active status rights, includes both the guarantee and the extension of the rights to vote and to be elected. In other words, these are the rights that enable political participation (Alexy 2010, 163-173; Gözler 2004, 149-150).

The Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

Revolutionary developments towards fundamental rights occurred in England in the 17th century.

English Enlightenment and, especially, John Locke, have an undeniable value in terms of liberal human rights, which is worth to mention here (Brown 2006, 693; Clapham 2007, 6-10; James 2007, 14-16; Vincent 2010, 44-45; Freeman 2012, 20-22). According to him, people have inherent natural rights that they acquire at their birth. These fundamental rights, which are also the core of the current liberal doctrine, are “life, liberty and property” (Heywood 2012, 44).

The socialist movement that became more widespread in the 1848 revolution, the Chartist movement, and the aftermath, laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Welfare state (Briggs 1961, 222; Ishay 2004, 124-126). Chartism was a working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. Chartism got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement.

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

For Camroux, regionalisation can be defined as akin to “nation-building”, and “regionalism” can be defined as a process of “identity” construction akin to “nationalism”.

The early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s was always focused on the European integration process.