ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 5

For Lombaerde, neofunctionalism came under critique by intergovermentalism.

According to the regionalism perspective, some of the most fruitful writing in the discipline of International Relations comes from the constructivist school that puts a particular focus on the processes of identity formation and learning (Wendt, 1994: 384-396).

According to this definition by Brown (2007), “federalism is a system of government in which authority is constitutionally divided between central and regional governments. Many experts who study federalism see regionalism expressed in direct, political, geographically-specific ways before it can potentially take on constitutional significance. This is true at subnational, supranational and trans-national levels alike (Brown, 2007: 13, 14).

Regional integration provides the environment for the development of new regionalism. In other words, new regionalism is an outcome of regional integration (Obydenkova, 2006: 2, 13).

According to Nishikimi, economic integration constitutes two different forces on industrial location: dispersion and agglomeration forces.

The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by Bob Hawke -Former Prime Minister of Australia- during a speech in Korea on 31 January 1989. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra (Australia) to establish APEC. The founding members were Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.

The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database (The Yearbook of International Organizations, n.d.).

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”.

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as:
• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;
• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;
• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;
• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;
• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

During 1960s and 70s, Third World countries utilized the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) as a forum at which they could articulate their trade and economic demands.

The ECSC, which was established by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, established a High Authority having a supranational authority whose members, although appointed by the six ECSC states, were to act independently of national governments and in the interest of the Community as a whole could act independently of the member governments.

An international organization in different times and settings can play all three roles. For instance, the UN has played, and continues to play, each role in different times. While the instrument role was dominant in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the actor capacity was prominent during Dag Hammarskjold’s term as Secretary-General, and the role as a forum coming to the front since the 1960s with the increase in membership and the new demands of the Third World (Archer, 2001:91).

If an international organization has a membership dominated by one powerful member, that organization is susceptible to being used as a hegemonic instrument, like the utilization of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) by the USSR before Mikhail Gorbachev. Organizations whose members are of about the same weight, like the EFTA between 1973 and 1995, will be more egalitarian by nature and thereby act as a meeting place for equals (Archer, 2001: 92).

The two main organs of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague are International Bureau and Administrative Council.

In 1492, with the expedition of Christopher Columbus aiming to find a western route to India, which was sponsored by Isabella I of Castile, “The Age of Discovery” began.

In 1488, Portuguese sailor Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern point of Africa called Cape of
Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperança). Then, other Portuguese sailors reached other coasts of East Africa. This oceanic breakthrough led a new network of relations among three continents, Europe, America, and Africa.

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).

Transatlantic Triangular Trade’s scheme was based on the slave trade from Africa to America; sugar, tobacco and cotton from America to Europe; textiles, rum and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. (Curtin, 1969; Rodney, 1981; Thornton, 1992).