ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 2

The term ‘regionalism’ has two connotations in the negative and positive meaning. In the negative sense, regionalism implies an “excessive attachment to one’s region to prefer to the country or the state”. When looked at its positive sense, it is “a political attribute associated with people’s love for their region, culture, language, etc.” by the view of maintaining the independent identity.

Table 3.2 List of Regional Organizations According to Population and Functions

Names of Regional Organizations

Date

Formed

Population

(7,302,446,600)

Functions

Websites

African Union (AU)

2002

850,000,000

Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation

https://au.int

Arab League / League of Arab States (AL)

1945

404,034,810

Security, Economy, Identity, Cooperation

http://www.lasportal.org/ Pages/Welcome.aspx

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

1989

2,700,000,000

Economy, Cooperation

https://www.apec.org/

Association of Caribbean States (ACS/AEC)

1994

237,000,000

Economy, Consultation, Cooperation

http://www.acs-aec.org/

Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

1973

16,743,693

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation

http://www.caricom.org/

Central American Integration System (SICA)

1993

51,152,936

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Cooperation, Integration

http://www.sica.int/index_ en.aspx?Idm=2&IdmStyle=2

Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)

1994

210,000,000

Security, Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/ index_aengl.htm

Commonwealth of Nations (CON)

1931

1,921,974,000

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://www. commonwealthofnations.org/

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

1985

405,139,000

Economy, Development

http://www.eco.int/

Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)

2001

205,693,649

Economy, Development

http://www.eaeunion. org/?lang=en

European Economic Area (EEA/EFTA)

1994

500,017,119

Economy, Development

http://www.efta.int/eea

European Union (EU)

1957

500,900,000

Identity, Cooperation, Development, Economy

http://europa.eu/

Regionalization can be defined as the formation or realignment of transactions and attitudes along regional lines. It is in some way “a manifestation of globalization”.

The concept of region also shows macro-regions (regions of the world), which are larger territorial (in contrast to non-territorial) units or sub-systems, between the state and the level of global system

The options is A,B,C,D can be regarded as the types of regionalism. However, sub-national is a type of region.

According to the Framework for Pacific Regionalism, coordination, as a regional collective action, be achieved by establishing and managing agreed processes that facilitate regional dialogue and access to (and use of) information.

According to the “Framework for Pacific Regionalism”, for harmonisation, legally binding arrangements, including commitment to national resource allocation; each country free to amend their internal laws/ requirements to meet the shared regional objectives are all required.

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

The African Union was formed in 2002.

Security is not listed as a function in the formation of Commonwealth of
Nations as a regional organization.

The Council of Europe (CE) is listed among the Regional Political Organizations

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), as a political regional organization, is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations with its membership of 57 states that spread over four continents.

In the post-1990 world, the concept of human rights has become one of the most controversial topics.

Issues such as the responsibilities of the international community and how the boundaries between respect for sovereignty and the responsibility to protect should be drawn are just a few issues that are on the agenda today. In addition to this, different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights.

The question of what the source of rights is has been discussed, in particular, in the literature of law, from past to present. In this context, it is often argued that a source of rights is the law of nature. The acquisition of human rights together with the birth of man has had a broad philosophical support, especially by social contractors. However, there are other explanations with regard to the source of rights. In this line, a number of names, especially Bentham and Hume, have been advocates of positive law, maintain that human-beings rather than natural law create rights. (Cranston 1983, 3-4; Freeman 2012, 32-33; Vincent 2010, 78).

Another important point to be emphasized about human rights is the consideration that the development of human rights is largely Western-centric. In that regard, there is a large body of literature on the universality and locality of human rights (see Clapham 2007, 66; Donnelly 2007, 37-53; Freeman 2012, 126-132). In this sense, for example, the Vienna Declaration on Human Rights realized at the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) is important because apart from the fact that the first comprehensive debate within the framework of relativity-universality debate was conducted here, the role of rights in the development of economy has been discussed as well (Brown 2006, 700; Freeman 2012, 55; Patricia 1993, 218).

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era.

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights.

The internationalization of human rights is the result of a long period of time. In this context, the first transnational attempts are some regulations concerning the law of war. Some efforts to tackle intergovernmental relations through international legal arrangements and organizations have been shaped by The Hague Conventions and the Geneva Protocol. Undoubtedly, all these arrangements served as an important cornerstone in the formation of the law of war. With these arrangements, it was aimed to protect the civilians and rules to be followed in the war based on the jus in bello principle within the framework of just war theory (Abele 2011; Brown 2006, 694; Nabulsi 1999, 25).

When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of absolute sovereignty in the face of human rights. In this context, numerous organizations that have introduced the principle of conditionality for the protection of human rights could be mentioned. For example, the European Union effectively implements this principle in the process of membership, while encouraging candidate members to take steps in line with democratization and human rights (Smith 2005; Schimmelfennig 2007; Usul 2011, 43-71).