ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 15

Option A is not a precondition

Arbitration and mediation were two important devices contributed by Hague Conference

The first public international union was international river commission, so the correct option is D

Realists think that states are principal international actors, and international system is anarchic.

International organization is defined as a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership

an entity can be identified as an international organization if it carries three main characteristics classified under three headings: membership, aim and structure. Therefore, all 5 define international organizations.

International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree.

Actorness refers to the capacity of an organization to act independently from its constituent member states and ability to affect the course of world events. The actorness of an organization necessitates having an existence separate from the states that make it up.

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations.

International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide.

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international system. F

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.

Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism.

Although states maintain their position as the primary actors in international politics, starting from 19th century, the number, types and significance of international organizations as actors in international politics have gradually increased. The Yearbook of International Organizations database includes 69,000 international organizations, 37,000 of which are active and 32,000 are dormant. Every year 1,200 new organizations are added to Yearbook’s database.

Clive Archer defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”. According to Clive Archer, an entity can be identified as an international organization if it carries three main characteristics classified under three headings: membership, aim and structure.

LeRoy Bennett and James K. Oliver (2002: 2) identified common and constitutive characteristics of International Organizations as follows:

• A permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions;

• Voluntary membership of eligible parties;

• A basic instrument (a founding document or charter) stating goals, structure and methods of operation;

• A broadly representative consultative conference organ;

• A permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research and information functions.

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics. These are instrument, arena and actor.

Instrument: International organizations are generally being used as an instrument by its members for particular ends

Arena: International organizations provide arenas or forums where members to come together to discuss, argue, co-operate or disagree

Actor: The third role attributed to international organizations in international politics is that of independent actor

International organizations hold three major roles as instrument, arena, and actor. An international organization in different times and settings can play all three roles. For instance, the UN has played, and continues to play, each role in different times. However, the instrument role was dominant in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations.

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.

Sovereignty: According to sovereignty criteria, international organizations are classified according to whether member states delegate all or some of their sovereign rights to an international organization or not

Membership: One of the most important distinctions between the types of international organization based on membership is those which are interstate or intergovernmental and those whose membership is non-governmental.

Aims and Activities: In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do.

In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe, which was established by the victorious powers at the Congress of Vienna, was designed to maintain peace and security in Europe. The Concert of Europe was a security regime, which was based on several norms, rules of behaviour and procedures.