ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 11

Operation: International organizations undertake a number of operational functions, including resource allocation, provision of technical aid, force deployment, etc. For instance, the World Bank provides financial support to development projects, International Monetary Fund (IMF) offers technical assistance and loans to avoid crises in balance of payments, and the UN undertakes conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations to maintain international peace and security throughout the world (Archer, 2001: 107-108). Doğru cevap " D " dir.

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims.

Sovereignty: According to sovereignty criteria, international organizations are classified according to whether member states delegate all or some of their
sovereign rights to an international organization or not.

Membership: The first distinction between the types of international organization based on membership is those which are interstate or intergover- mental and those whose membership is non-governmental.

Aims and Activities: In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:
• the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;
• the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;
• an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;
• state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’ (Archer, 2001: 4). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

In the post-Vienna Congress era, international cooperation on peace and security increased with the establishment of a security regime called the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe, which was established by the victorious powers at the Congress of Vienna, was designed to maintain peace and security in Europe. The Concert of Europe was a security regime, which was based on several norms, rules of behaviour and procedures. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Another international cooperation initiative on the issues of security and peace was Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. They were originated from the proposal of Russian Tsar Nicolas II for a disarmament conference, which marked the high point of international arbitration (Armstrong et.al., 2004: 5). Doğru cevap " C " dir.

The General Postal Union (GPU) was another public international union, which was established to deal with the problems to which international postal traffic faced owing to the existence of different tariffs, national and local postal systems which were not geared to each other, and the lack of frequency of delivery. The GPU was established with the Convention establishing the General Postal Union, which was adopted by twenty-two states gathering at a conference in Bern. The Union was renamed as the Universal Postal Union in 1878. Doğru cevap " D " dir.

Theoretical approaches to international organizations are classified under two main categories: Traditional Approaches to International Organizations and Revisionist Approaches to International Organizations. Traditional approaches include Realism and Liberalism. They have a state-centric approach to the analysis of international organizations. For them, states are both principal actors of international system and also rational actors making cost-benefit analysis of every alternative and select the ones that maximize their benefits. Revisionist approaches, including Functionalism, Neo-functionalism and Transactionalism go beyond the state-centric approach and examine international organizations as significant actors beside states. These are mostly known as international integration theories. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

There should be no attempt to make profits for distribution to members.

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor.

International organizations are not superior authorities over its member states, indeed they are just instruments used by member states for gaining their foreign policy objectives.

There are nine major functions that all international organizations carry out: interest articulation and aggregation, normative, recruitment, socialization, rule making, rule application, rule adjudication, information, operations.

International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide.

Most of international organizations’ rule making is based on traditional confederal principles. They are listed as:

• The rules are formulated by unanimous or near-unanimous consensus of members

• Members have the practical option of leaving an organization and ending their assent to the existing rules

• Even within the bounds of membership, a state can assert the right to interpret unilaterally the rules to which it has consented.

• The ‘executive-bureaucratic’ structure of the organization has little or no power to formulate (and implement) rules.

• Delegates to the organizations’ rule- making bodies are instructed by their governments and do not act as independent representatives.

• The international organization ‘has no direct relationship with private citizens of the member states’ (Archer, 2001: 103).

In terms of aims and activities, international organizations are classified according to what they are supposed to do and what they actually do. If an organization has general aims and carries out a wide range of activities, they are considered as international organization with general aims and activities, such as the UN. If an organization is established with a specific aim and to carry out activities in a specific field such as politics, economics, trade, culture, security, etc., it is considered as an international organization having specific aims and activities, such as Council of Europe (political), WTO (trade), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (economic), IMF (financial), NATO (security).

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:

• the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;

• the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;

• an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;

• state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’ (Archer, 2001: 4).

Functionalism is a part of liberal tradition of International Relations, but it goes beyond the state-centric view of international politics and examines international organizations as a significant actor beside states.

Another issue pertaing to human rights is the classification of rights. One of the most important approaches to the classification of rights belongs to Georg Jellinek. This classification of negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights can be roughly described as follows:

Positive status rights, on the other hand, emphasize the need for states to take on various responsibilities and to strengthen social and economic conditions. In short, the socalled positive rights entitle the state to create an environment in which individuals can live a life that suits human dignity and prevents them from
falling into poverty. Doğru cevap " A " dır.

The World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993, emphasized issues such as the universal issue of human rights, the indivisibility of rights and women’s rights, as well as being a first conference in the post-Cold War era. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

John Locke, one of the most important figures of English enlightenment, tried to limit the state by declaring life, liberty, and property as intangible rights. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Founding fathers played an important role in establishing confederacy and forming a constitution in the United States. Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington are called as the founding fathers. Doğru cevap " D " dir.