ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Indeed, the period in which human rights were emphasized much more in international politics was after the Cold War. Contrary to the widespread optimism that had arisen, the post-Cold war environment led to new problems, such as civil wars, genocides, scarcities, natural disasters, which threaten human life (Kaplan 2000, 3-56; Donnelly 2007, 102-103). Doğru cevap " E " dir.

According to Wagner, non-state actor is a concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not state(s) such as “international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, de facto regimes, trade associations, transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational
criminal organizations” (Wagner 2009). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

The United Nation (UN) is an international organization established on 24th October 1945. Following the Charter of the United Nations was ratified by 50 countries in San Francisco, the UN has started its activities in the international field. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are units of people who came together
voluntarily toward a specified objective without a citizenship restriction, which means that NGOs’ members do not belong to a particular country, and people can participate in NGOs from anywhere in the world. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

As being one of the well-known NGOs in the sphere of human rights, Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization through which members from 216 countries are gathered on the purpose of ensuring a world in which human rights are respected, promoting equality of the basic rights of human, preventing human rights violations (Amnesty International, https:// www.amnesty.org/ en/who-we-are/, accessed 15 November 2017). Doğru cevap " D " dir.

It is possible to talk about four diverse theories approaching the relation of international relations and human rights:  Normative Theory, Liberalism,  Constructivism, and English School. .  Normative Theory emphasizes on change and what ought to be done to realize the intended change. While Liberalism emphasizes the institutions and regimes, Constructivism emphasizes the identities and norms, and English School emphasizes the order in which the international society is agreed. Four theories, each of which provides explanations within their own terminology, strive to frame the role of human rights in international politics. Doğru cevap " E " dir.

The classification of rights are described as negative status rights, positive status rights, and active status rights

the explanation in the book is as follows:

non-state actor is a concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not state(s) such as “international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, de facto regimes, trade associations, transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational criminal organizations”

The explanation in the book is:

its principles which could be listed as “promoting and encouraging human rights,” “assisting the realization of human rights and fundemental freedoms for all without distinction as to reace, sex, language or religion,” and “observing human rights” (Laqueur and Rubin 1990, 196-197; Charter of the United Nations, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed 15 November 2017).

According to the book, the Council of Europe aims to provide justice and international cooperation in terms of a closer unity, to promote democracy through the protection of individual freedom, political liberty, and the rule of law, and also to facilitate economic and social progress of its member states.

The book explains that its functioning way is different from the United Nations and the European Union in terms of having sanctions on countries or individuals. The international Criminal Court (ICC) was firstly created by the Rome Statute in 1998 and then took effect in 2002, upon ratification by 60 States to promote and protect human rights and act against human rights’ violations in party countries.

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Human Rights Watch was established in 1978, it is well-known its impartial reporting, effective use of media, and cooperation with local human rights groups to protect and advance human rights all over the world

Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments.

Different theorists of International Relations have analyzed human rights in different forms. In this context, for example, some theories, especially normative, liberal, English school and constructivist approaches to IR, emphasize the importance of human rights in international politics while realist theories ignore human rights. Thus, the correct answer is given in option A.

When evaluated as a whole, it can be argued that policies of international organizations have played an important role in transforming the principle of absolute sovereignty in the face of human rights. Hence, the correct answer is C.

Brysk (2009) states that some
countries such as Sweden, Canada, Costa Rica,
the Netherlands, Japan and South Africa attach
special importance to human rights in their foreign
policies, and they have noteworthy activities in the
protection and promotion of human rights. Hence, the correct answer given in option A.

The United Nation (UN) is an international
organization established on 24th October 1945. So, the correct answer is E.