ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 1

Unlike realists, who try to read international relations from a perspective of power and security, liberals question the possibilities of cooperation in international relations (Jackson and Sørensen 2010, 96). Liberal theorists, also, emphasize that different entities, including international organizations and non-governmental organizations, are influential at certain levels in the decision-making process of governments. In particular, the emphasis on international organizations is that they are dialogue spaces where misunderstandings are abolished in one way, and the other is that they are the mechanisms that enable the harmonization of interstate interests (Keohane and Martin 1995, 41-42). In this framework, it will be possible for human rights to meet at the level of the state community, largely through the efforts of international institutions. In general, regulations in international institutions result in the emergence of international regimes in the long run. As Keohane describes, regimes are the consequences of contacts that lead to convergence among rational actors on certain issues (Keohane, 2009). Human rights regimes, which are becoming widespread and have a common will to overcome human rights violations, should be considered in this context (Donnelly 1986; Moravcsik 1995; Moravcsik 2000). A more indirect relationship between liberalism and human rights can be established within the framework of democratic peace theology of liberal theory. As a matter of fact, the reluctance of democracies to use force in internal politics, as it is in international politics, is often emphasized. So much so that a broad empirical literature has been built on the sensitivity democracies have in protecting human rights (Davenport 1999; Davenport 2007).

Clive Archer (2001: 33) defined international organization as “a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or nongovernmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interest of the membership”

In addition to Judge, Michael Wallace andDavid Singer (1970, 245-246) list three main criteria for an entity to be qualified as an international organization:
• The organization ‘must consist of at least two qualified members of the international system’.
• The organization must hold more or less regular plenary sessions at intervals not greater than once a decade.
• The organization should have a permanent secretariat with a permanent headquarter arrangement and which performs ongoing tasks.

International organization generally plays three major roles in international politics: instrument, arena and actor

Normative: International organizations have made a considerable contribution to the normative activities of the international political system through creating norms, values and norms of behaviour and establishing them worldwide

International organizations can act as agencies of socialization in international
system. For instance, the EU through its institutions such as the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the Parliament and the Court of Justice, can foster a ‘Community spirit’ among the various interest groups dealing with the Union and among the citizens of the member countries

International Organizations can be classified under three main categories defined by sovereignty, membership and aims

Although the foundation of international organizations was built in ancient times, the organizations themselves did not emerge until the 19th century, when four pre-conditions were met:
• the existence of a number of states functioning as independent political units;
• the existence of a substantial measure of contact between these states;
• an awareness of problems that arise from states’ co-existence;
• state’s recognition of ‘the need for creation of institutional devices and systematic methods for regulating their relations with each other’ (Archer, 2001: 4).

For achieving standardization in weights and measures, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures were established in Paris with the adoption of the Metre Convention at a conference convened in Paris in 1875

Realists grant a marginal role to the international organizations. For Realist thinkers, states are principal international actors, and international organizations (for them, it refers to intergovernmental organizations not international non-governmental organizations) only matters if they serve interests of states