ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

The concept of governance refers to sustaining coordination and coherence among a wide range of actors with different aims and objectives. These actors include political actors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), pressure groups, interest groups, individuals, and media.

According to Rod Rhodes (1996: 653), the concept of governance refers to: • Collective governance, • New public management, • Good governance, • Interdependency, • Socio-cybernetic systems, • New political economy, • Networks.

Transnational advocacy networks: “A transnational advocacy network includes those relevant actors working internationally on an issue who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse, and dense exchanges of information and services”

Başlar (2005: 32-33) has developed the most comprehensive definition of international nongovernmental organizations and identified their basic characteristics as follows: • International NGOs emerged as a result of carrying individual and group interests beyond the state borders. • International NGOs are not founded by states or intergovernmental organizations. • International NGOs are constituted by natural or legal persons with voluntary membership.• Through their activities, international NGOs are able to play roles in international relations. Their members have independent voting rights. • International NGOs have a permanent and institutionalized administrative structure with full-time personnel, an organization scheme, and a headquarter in a specific location. • International NGOs have a democratically accepted charter that is prepared by a representative body, an autonomous decision-making mechanism independent from government policies, and financial resources that are totally or largely independent from central governments. • International NGOs do not engage in a partisan behavior. • International NGOs have organizational structures in more than two countries. • International NGOs adopt the objective of the United Nations as their own principles, and they aim to realize policies that will improve people’s quality of life, serve for the common good of humanity, and help disadvantageous people. • International NGOs do not use violence. • The primary aim of International NGOs is not to obtain profits. • International NGOs are social institutions that possess legal personality. • International NGOs respect the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs of states.

Defensive activities refer to those activities of international NGOs to develop new policies and agendas, usually in the face of changing conditions.

Operational activities refer to those activities through which NGOs provide services around the world.

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy.

The Elders represent a group of global leaders as an independent voice who are not bound by the interests of any nation, government or institution. They are committed to promoting the shared interests of humanity and human rights. The Elders consist of individuals who no longer hold public office; they are independent of any national government or other vested interest. They should have earned international trust, demonstrated integrity and built a reputation for inclusive, progressive leadership. The group has comprised Nelson Mandela, Martti Ahtisaari, Kofi Annan, Ban Ki-moon, Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Fernando H Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Hina Jilani, Ricardo Lagos, Graça Machel, Mary Robinson, Desmond Tutu, and Ernesto Zedillo.

The United Nations officially acknowledged international non-governmental organizations. “The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has been the main entry point into the UN system for NGOs. ECOSOC remains the only main UN body with a formal framework for NGO participation. In 1946, 41 NGOs were granted consultative status by the council; by 1992 more than 700 NGOs had attained consultative status and the number has been steadily increasing ever since to more than 3,400 organizations today” (United Nations, 2011: 2).

The Association of European Chambers of Commerce and Industry (EUROCHAMBRES) is a non-profit international organization that was established in the Conference of Chambers on February 28, 1958. EUROCHAMBRES supports theEuropeanChambers ofCommerce and Industry and plays an effective role in EU-related economic issues in order to strengthen the position and voice of the business community in EU decision-making processes. EUROCHAMBRES carries out projects to increase its effectiveness, offer better services to members and establish a European network for entrepreneurs. As an umbrella organization of the European Chambers of Commerce and Industry, EUROCHAMBRES represents over 20 million member enterprises in Europe through 46 associations of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry. 93% of its members are small and medium enterprises, and they employ over 120 million employees. Rifat Hisarcıklıoğlu, the President of the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB), is the Vice Chairman of the Council on the EUROCHAMBRES during the 2018-2019 term. EUROCHAMBERS plays important roles in commercial relationships between Turkey and the EU. It has been the most influential organization in the Turkey-EU negotiation process and guides EU decision makers.

The concept of governance refers to sustaining coordination and coherence among a wide range of actors with different aims and objectives.

According to Rod Rhodes (1996: 653), the concept of governance refers to:
• Collective governance,
• New public management,
• Good governance,
• Interdependency,
• Socio-cybernetic systems,
• New political economy,
• Networks.

Arab League is an Inter-governmental Organization and it has nation states as members.

Civil society is a public space in which autonomous groups and associations operate independently from governments

These global civil society organizations are called transnational networks (such as International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Center for Individual
Rights, International Women’s Tribune Center, Earth Rights International) or transnational nonstate actors, since they mobilize international movements and establish civil structures that are independent from governments.

As non-state actors, international nongovernmental organizations are private, financially independent, and non-commercial groups that carry out their objectives through non-violent means.

Human Rights Watch is one of the influential NGOs in shaping international public opinion, particularly with regard to human rights violations around the word. For instance, the NGO has issued a report on the life-threatening conditions of migrant construction workers building stadiums for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Human Rights Watch also work for promoting accountability for gross human rights violations during conflicts. In Syria, the organization has been calling on the international community to identify the bodies in mass graves left by the ISIS

The fourth generation think tanks were mostly created by former US presidents who wanted to leave a lasting legacy in foreign and domestic politics. The Center for the National Interest is one of the most influential fourth generation think tanks in the US, which was established by former US President Richard Nixon in 1994 “to serve as a voice for strategic realism in U.S.foreign policy.”

The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) was established in 1973 to represent and promote workers’ interests at the European level.

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy.