ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

Non-state actors are those actors that have no governmental affiliation and that conduct transnational operations toward influencing national and international public policies in a non-violent manner. Non-state actors are generally transnational in character.

The concept of governance refers to sustaining coordination and coherence among a wide range of actors with different aims and objectives. These actors include political actors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), pressure groups, interest groups, individuals, and media (Pierre, 2000: 3-4).

According to Rod Rhodes (1996: 653), the concept of governance refers to:
• Collective governance,
• New public management,
• Good governance,
• Interdependency,
• Socio-cybernetic systems,
• New political economy,
• Networks

Global civil society refers to a domain where transnational non-governmental organizations and other transnational actors interact.

Arab League is an inter-governmental organization

Başlar (2005: 32-33) has developed the most comprehensive definition of international nongovernmental organizations and identified their basic characteristics. Among them; they are not founded by states or intergovernmental organizations, They do not engage in a partisan behavior and they possess legal personality.

Greenpeace deals with problems related to the climate change and environment.

The prominent international human rights NGOs include the Amnesty International, the Human Rights Watch, the International League for Human Rights, and the Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights.

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy

The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) was established in 1973 to represent and promote workers’ interests at the European level

According to Rod Rhodes, the concept of governance refers to:

• Collective governance,

• New public management,

• Good governance,

• Interdependency,

• Socio-cybernetic systems,

• New political economy,

• Networks.

Civil society is a public space in which autonomous groups and associations operate independently from governments. Global civil society refers to a domain where transnational non-governmental organizations and other transnational actors interact.

Transnational advocacy networks: “A transnational advocacy network includes those relevant actors working internationally on an issue who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse, and dense exchanges of information and services”.Therefore, the correct option is D.

Başlar has developed the most comprehensive definition of international nongovernmental organizations and identified their basic characteristics as follows:

• International NGOs emerged as a result of carrying individual and group interests beyond the state borders.

• International NGOs are not founded by states or intergovernmental organizations.

• International NGOs are constituted by natural or legal persons with voluntary membership.

• Through their activities, international NGOs are able to play roles in international relations. Their members have independent voting rights.

• International NGOs have a permanent and institutionalized administrative structure with full-time personnel, an organization scheme, and a headquarter in a specific location.

• International NGOs have a democratically accepted charter that is prepared by a representative body, an autonomous decision-making mechanism independent from government policies, and financial resources that are totally or largely independent from central governments.

• International NGOs do not engage in a partisan behavior.

• International NGOs have organizational structures in more than two countries.

• International NGOs adopt the objective of the United Nations as their own principles, and they aim to realize policies that will improve people’s quality of life, serve for the common good of humanity, and help disadvantageous people.

• International NGOs do not use violence.

• The primary aim of International NGOs is not to obtain profits.

• International NGOs are social institutions that possess legal personality.

• International NGOs respect the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs of states.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

The type of the roles and activities that international NGOs undertake is based on the nature of the field or governance problem that they focus. A number of international non-governmental organizations are interested in educational and defensive activities, particularly in the fields of human rights and environment. The prominent international human rights NGOs include the Amnesty International, the Human Rights Watch, the International League for Human Rights, and the Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights. Therefore, the correct option is D.

International non-governmental organizations undertake a wide range of roles and tasks in global governance, including giving feedback, shaping public opinion, providing services, networking, education, norms setting, agenda setting, monitoring, and auditing. These roles increase their effectiveness, providing a perspective that differs from the official discourses of governments. Since they are considered objective, NGOs can engage with local people. International NGOs employ experts in their issue areas and operate relatively at low costs as they are based on the voluntary work of their members. The roles and impact of non-governmental organizations can be examined in three categories: shaping public opinion, contributing to international law, and providing information and documents for international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Think tanks are organizations that promote new ideas, conduct research, and lobby governments about various topics including politics, foreign policy, military and defense issues, social and cultural problems, and the economy. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The most important second generation think tank is the RAND Corporation, which was established in May 1948. Largely financed by the US Air Force, the RAND Corporation was intended to “think through the unthinkable” and to defend and promote American security interests. During this period the Hudson Institute in 1961 and the Urban Institute in 1968 were established as the second generation think tanks. 

In the beginning of the 1900s, significant think tanks were established for informing governments not only about domestic politics but also about foreign policy. These include the Russel Sage Foundation established in 1907, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace established in 1910 by Andrew Carnegie, the Hoover Institution in 1919 by former US President Herbert Hoover, the Council on Foreign Relations in 1921, the Brookings Institution established in 1927, and the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research founded in 1943.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Founded in 1982, the Carter Center is another prominent example of the fourth generation think tanks. The Center is guided by a fundamental commitment to human rights and the alleviation of human suffering. In this framework, the Carter Center has helped to improve life of people in more than 65 countries. It has worked to strengthen democracy in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The Elders share a common commitment to peace and universal human rights. They also bring with them a wealth of diverse expertise and experience because they are:

• the peace makers, with decades of experience mediating and resolving conflicts around the world.

• the peace builders who have helped postconflict societies to heal wounds and rebuild.

• the social revolutionaries who transformed their own countries - whether by reducing poverty, improving the status of women, or championing nonviolent struggle.

• the pioneering women who have governed their countries, led international institutions and spearheaded movements to empower women.

Therefore, the correct option is C.