ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

Soft power is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction. The correct answer is A.

Four criteria for being a great power are : First, great powers are in the first rank of military
prowess, having the capacity to maintain their own security and, potentially, to influence other powers. Second, they are economically powerful states; although this is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for great power status. Third, they have global, and not merely regional, spheres of interests. Fourth, they adopt a ‘forward’ foreign policy and have actual, and not merely potential, impact on international affairs. The correct answer is E.

Great powers manage their relations with one another in the interest of international order through: (i) preserving the general balance of power, (ii) seeking to avoid or control crises in their relations with one another, and (iii) seeking to limit or contain wars among one another. They exploit their preponderance in relation to the rest of international society by (iv) unilaterally exploiting their local preponderance, (v) agreeing to respect one another’s spheres of influence, and (vi) joint action, as is implied by the idea of a great power concert or condominium. The correct answer is E.

In coercive hegemony, the hegemon provides international public goods but forces subordinate states to share the burden of providing the public goods and sustaining the international order.

The hegemonic stability theory establishes a theoretical link between hegemony
and systemic stability. The correct answer is E.

The BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The correct answer is A.

Great powers are in a better position to determine the rules of global governance. The correct answer is A.

Paul Kennedy is the author of the prominent book, Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000.

The concept of self-help system refers to a system in which states' foremost concern must be with survival. The correct answer is E.

The pieces of global governance consist of the interacting rules, norms, international law,
international regimes, ad hoc arrangements, global conferences and structures such as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Interstate wars are not part of it. The correct answer is D.

Anarchy means the lack of an overarching authority above states in the international system. Scholars also refer to anarchy as one of the significant characteristics underlying international relations. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Joseph Nye has classified power as “soft power,” “hard power,” and “smart power.” Hard power is the use of coercion and payment; soft power is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction; smart power is the combination of the tools of both hard power and soft power. Therefore, the correct option is D.

It may be helpful to reflect on whether the concept of ‘great power’ can be used interchangebly with concepts such as ‘superpower’ and ‘hegemon’. The concept of great power may refer to superpower, as was the case during the Cold War. However, great power also refers to hegemon, if there is only one great power dominating the international system. Looking at the polarity in the system, Welch and Nye conclude that “we usually call the strongest country within a unipolar system a hegemon (from the Greek meaning “leader”); we call the strongest countries in a modern bipolar system superpowers; and we call the strongest countries within multipolar systems great powers”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Heywood notes that a great power is “deemed to rank amongst the most powerful in a hierarchical state-system” and identifies four criteria for being a member of this so-called “great power club”:

• “Great powers are in the first rank of military prowess, having the capacity to maintain their own security and, potentially, to influence other powers.

• They are economically powerful states; although (as Japan shows) this is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for great power status.

• They have global, and not merely regional, spheres of interests.

• They adopt a ‘forward’ foreign policy and have actual, and not merely potential, impact on international affairs”

Therefore, the correct option is A.

According to Hedley Bull, great powers “manage their relations with one another in the interest of international order” through:

(i) preserving the general balance of power,

(ii) seeking to avoid or control crises in their relations with one another, and

(iii) seeking to limit or contain wars among one another. They exploit their preponderance in relation to the rest of international society by

(iv) unilaterally exploiting their local preponderance,

(v) agreeing to respect one another’s spheres of influence, and

(vi) joint action, as is implied by the idea of a great power concert or condominium”. 

Therefore, the correct option is A.

The Concert of Europe is often provided as a prominent example of great power management. The Congress of Vienna consolidated the great-power status of some states. Following the Congress, the powers of the time, namely Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia and France, were remembered as great powers for the next hundred years, and the concert of these powers ruled the world. These great powers restored the European state system, in which many independent and sovereign states acted without any fear of conquest. This concert has been appreciated because it also prevented a general war in Europe from 1815 to 1914. Therefore, the correct option is C.

According to most scholars, a system with a clearly preponderant state (a hegemon) would be both politically and economically stable. Because such a hegemonic state, also with an interest in cooperating with other actors, can solve collective action problems through providing public goods and facilitating international cooperation. This theory, in fact, is known as the hegemonic stability theory (HST). It establishes a theoretical link between hegemony and systemic stability and attracts a great deal of attention from IR scholars. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Public goods: Paul Samuelson defines a public good as one “which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual’s consumption of such a good leads to no subtraction from any other individual’s consumption of that good". Therefore, the correct option is C.

The benevolent hegemonic order, Snidal argues, involves a higher level of cooperation as well as positive sanctions (rewards), while the coercive hegemonic order is more about a high level of enforcement and negative sanctions (threats). Therefore, the correct option is E.

The pieces of global governance consist of the interacting rules, norms, international law, international regimes, ad hoc arrangements, global conferences and structures such as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, the correct option is B.