ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

The members of ECOSOC are elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. ECOSOC initially had eighteen members. However, especially with the decolonization movement, new members from the developing world joined ECOSOC. As a result, the number of its members first increased to twenty-seven in 1965 and then to its current number of fifty-four in 1973. Each member has an equal voting right and, unlike the Security Council, no member has veto power. Although the Charter established ECOSOC as one of the six main organs of the UN, ECOSOC
operates under the General Assembly. The correct answer is B.

The work of ECOSOC is essential for identifying global economic, social, and health problems; for facilitating international cooperation on social, economic, developmental, cultural and educational domains; and for promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms. The correct answer is E.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the United Nations body responsible for dealing with economic and sustainable development issues with a focus on trade, finance, investment, and technology. It helps developing countries to participate equitably in the global economy. The correct answer is C.

BRICS is the group composed by the five major emerging countries - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The correct answer is D.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1945 toward adopting and sustaining
a set of policies that would provide monetary stability at the global level. Currently “the IMF’s
primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of 
exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact
with each other. It seeks to promote full employment and price stability and to assist member states in restoring economic stability.  The IMF is funded and governed independently of the UN system. The UN has no direct discretionary authority over the IMF. The correct answer is B.

The Bandung Conference took place between 18 and 24 April 1955 in Indonesia where the newly independent nations recognized the importance of promoting economic cooperation as a bloc. Twenty-nine countries representing more than half of the world’s population at the time, sent delegates to the Bandung Conference. The Final Communiqué of the Bandung Conference laid out the desire for economic cooperation and growth among developing nations, along with an agreement to provide technical assistance to one another, thus facilitating the exchange of ideas, experts, and specific training. The correct answer is B.

The Group of 20, also called the G-20, is a new informal global governance body. The G-20 forum
replaced the Group of 8 (G-8) as the main global forum for international economic cooperation. The G-20 is composed of members of the former Group of 7 (G-7) and 12 other nations (Argentina, France, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Germany, Mexico, Turkey, Brazil, India, Russia, United Kingdom, Canada, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, United States, China, Italy, South Africa), as well as the European Union. Its first meeting was held in Berlin in December 1999. In the aftermath of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, the G-20 group started to hold annual summits in which state representatives discuss ongoing economic issues. Turkey hosted the annual summit in 2015 in Antalya. The correct answer is D.

The World Trade Organization (WTO), a relatively new organization, was established in 1995. The WTO replaced the GATT system and it now works as a permanent body to oversee international
trade. The WTO is not considered a UN agency but undertakes cooperative arrangements and
practices with the UN. As of 2018, the WTO has 164 members and 23 observer governments.
Afghanistan became the 164th member of the organization in July 2016. Apart from states, the
European Union is also a member of the WTO. The WTO is among one of the most effective international institution. Its treaties are binding on all WTO members, backed by an adjudication mechanism and enforcement arrangements. The correct answer is C.

The UN General Assembly decided to convene in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development. This landmark event is also known
as the Second Earth Summit. In terms of UN system dynamics, the Rio Summit and the “Agenda
21” that it produced marked a turning point. The most significant event during the Conference
was the opening for signature of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). By the end of 1992, 158 States had signed the UNFCCC, which entered into force
in 1994. As the most important international action thus far on climate change, the Convention
aimed to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of “greenhouse gases. The correct answer is A.

At the end of the Second World War, the designers of the new world order envisioned a comprehensive institutional structure that would deal with international economic governance and cooperation. This institutional structure was projected to include four main organizations, namely the UN, IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the 
International Trade Organization (ITO). Each organization was intended to perform specific functions. The UN was planned to be a political organization that would ensure the peaceful coexistence of nations. The IMF was created for a monetary regime based on the US dollar as the reserve currency. The IBRD aimed the post-war recovery and economic development. Finally, the ITO was envisaged to regulate inter-state trade relations. The correct answer is B.