ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

Mingst and Karns identify five key events that had an important impact on the creation of the UN (2012:19-21). First, European traditions and experience in international law and organization since the 16th century had a significant impact on the creation of an international organization in the 20th century. Second, the UN also evolved out of the Concert of Europe that was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. On the one hand, the Concert of Europe was dominated by the great powers, which acted as the guardians of the modern state system (Alger, 1995: 4). On the other hand, meeting more than 30 times between 1815 and 1878 to settle common issues and coordinate their actions, these same powers had also set practices and principles such as multilateral consultation, collective security, and special status for powerful countries that are still influential in the UN system today (Mingst and Karns, 2012:19). Third, the origins of the UN system can be also traced to The Hague Conferences, a pair of international meetings that were held in 1899 and 1907. Finally, the League of Nations, established  after the end of World War I, had a huge impact on the creation of the UN.

The principle organs of the UN are General Assemply, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secreteriat,Informational Court of Justice and Trusteeship Council.

The General Assembly has subsidiary organs such as boards, commissions, committees, councils, panels, and working groups. The majority of its work takes place in six main committees, each of which is responsible for a specific topic

Secretariat, which consists of a Secretary-General and thousands of international civil servants responsible for the day-to-day activities of the organization at the UN headquarters in New York as well as its regional offices around the world. Unlike the General Assembly, the UNSC or ECOSOC, the Secretariat is not constituted of delegates that represent member states.

Chapter XV of the UN Charter clearly identifies the main tasks that the Secretary-General must fulfill:
• To act as the chief administrative officer of the organization,
• To act as the secretary in all meetings of the other principal organs of the UN,
• To perform other functions tasked by these UN bodies,
• To make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the UN,
• To bring to the attention of the Security Council matters that may threaten international peace and security,
• To appoint the UN staff under regulations established by the General Assembly

The ICJ is one of the principal organs of the UN. Located in The Hague (La Haye), the ICJ is the judicial arm of the organization. The previous Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) formed the institutional foundations of the ICJ. Nevertheless, there are significant differences between the two courts. First, even though their statutes are identical, unlike the PCIJ, the Statute of the ICJ is integral to the UN Charter. Second, whereas the PCIJ and its membership were independent of the League, all UN members are automatically parties to the Statute of the ICJ. The ICJ consists of fifteen judges co-elected bythe General Assembly and Security Council for a nine-year term. One-third of the judges are elected every three years, and they may be reelected.Judges must possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial institutions in their home country or must show competence in international law. Each judge must have a different nationality; together they represent the major legal systems of the world.

The basic principles and main purposes of the UN are:
• To maintain international peace and security,
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,
• To encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion
• To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

The pacific settlement of disputes is defined as the ‘diplomatic’ instrument of the UN that aims to help conflicting parties solve their disputes through peaceful and non-coercive means. The UN employs different techniques, including mediation, good offices, special envoys and missions as well as preventive diplomacy. For instance, a UN-mediated truce ended the war between India and Pakistan in 1947. The UN also sent special envoys and missions to peacefully settle disputes. For example, the Secretary-General appointed Staffan de Mistura as the “Special Envoy for Syria” in July 2014 (UN-B). Preventive diplomacy is an approach that was originally developed by Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld to “prevent disputes from arising between parties, prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur”.

Core International Human Rights Treaties are below;

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Convention on the Rights of the Child

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Regional Commissions of the UN are below;

'Global governance includes formal and informal arrangements to regulate human activity and interactions at different levels from the local to the international' is the whole sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The first significant contribution of the UN to the global governance of human rights is its function of establishing human rights norms and standards, of which the most notable example is the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights dates after the establishment of the UN, the correct choice is B.

'The first concrete step toward establishing the UN was taken when U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A. 

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed at the Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, that the permanent members would have a veto right in the Security Council, particularly on substantive issues such as enforcement actions in case of threats to peace and acts of aggression. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The League of Nations is not one of the six principal organs of the UN. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body where all members of the organization can make their voice heard. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The primary responsibility of the UNSC is the maintenance of international peace and security. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

To use power to take diplomatic or economic measures against an aggressor state is not one of the major functions of the UN Secretary-General. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Creation of international conventions, treaties, and legal and normative standards that regulate political, economic, social, cultural and security aspects of global politics are all included in UN's agenda. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Charter amendments must be adopted by two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Therefore, the correct choice is B.