ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

The Security Council was designed to be relatively small in order to act swiftly and efficiently (Mingst and Karns, 2012: 31-32). It initially had eleven members, but this number increased to fifteen in 1965. The status of membership is divided into two: permanent and non-permanent members. The United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia are the five permanent members (P5) of the Security Council.

The League of Nations, established after the end of World War I, had a huge impact on the creation of the UN. In fact, the UN can be defined as “a child of the League of Nations” (Alger, 1995:4). The League provided a model for the normative and institutional structure of the UN. It is a fact that the UN derived important organizational features from the League such as the Secretariat and Assembly.

Chapter I of the Charter outlines the basic principles and main purposes of the UN. They are:

This section examines the six principal organs of the UN: the General Assembly, Security Council (UNSC), Secretariat, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

The only exception to the prohibition of the use of force is provided in Article 51 of the Charter. Article 51 establishes the right to self-defense of a state against armed attack. In case of armed attack, member states have the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense until the UNSC takes necessary measures.

First and foremost, the UN Charter establishes the sovereign equality of its members as the most fundamental principle upon which the UN is founded.

The key principles of the UN underline the maintenance of international peace and security as the primary goal. Toward this goal, two principles gain prominence. The first is the prohibition of the threat or use of force.

The second principle related to international peace and security is the peaceful settlement of international disputes.

The non-interference in internal affairs of member states is another core principle of the UN.

The jurisdiction of the ICJ is different from that of national courts. Given that the ICJ does not have compulsory jurisdiction, a state cannot be forced to appear before court. The ICJ can hear and decide a case only if all contending parties agree to submit it to the court. However, if states accept to appear before the ICJ, judgments delivered by the court are binding upon them (Karns, Mingst, and Stiles, 2015: 141) As of June 2018, 73 states have recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ

The United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia are the five permanent members (P5) of the Security Council.

The UN System was built on developments from the 16th century onward. These are European traditions and experience in international law and organizations; the Concert of Europe; codified procedures for the prevention of war and the pacific settlement of conflicts in the Hague conferences; international public unions such as the Rhine Commission (1815) and the Danube Commission (1848), as well as that of the International Telegraphic Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874); and finally, the League of Nations. The first concrete step towards the establishment of the UN was taken when US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill signed a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. The Declaration by the United Nations was signed in January 1942 by twenty-six nations fighting against the Axis powers. Representatives from China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States gathered at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington D.C. to draft the charter and main principles of the new international organization. They produced Dumbarton Oaks Proposals on the basic structure of the organization in 1944. The United Nations Conference on the International Organization convened in San Francisco, and the UN Charter was unanimously accepted on June 26, 1945. It officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.

170 cases were brought before the court between May 1947 and January 2018 (ICJA). It has ruled on a wide range of legal disputes including territorial disputes, delimitation of the continental shelf, the legality of nuclear tests, rights of asylum, the use of force, and environmental protection.

At the end of World War II, a major effort to “develop ways of maintaining peace and stability” led to the formation of the United Nations (Bennett, 1995:43).

They identified key areas of the UN as military security, economic and social development, human rights, and international justice (Hanhimaki, 2008: 15- 16).

The League of Nations was established after WWI.

The UN has put more emphasis on the economic and social progress of nations than the League, because the Great Depression of the late 1920s was considered the root cause of World War II.

Five permanent members of the Security Council are the US, the UK, Russia, China and France.

International Labour Organization is a specialized agency, not a principle organ of the UN.

The Third Committee deals with social, humanitarian and cultural matters.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is considered the most complex body of the UN system, the council aims to promote the welfare of the individuals, find solutions to global economic, social and health problems, and support human rights (Karns, Mingst, and Stiles, 2015: 129).

The basic principles and main purposes of the UN are:

• To maintain international peace and security,
• To develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples,
• To encourage respect for human rights and
for fundamental freedoms for all without
distinction as to race, sex, language, or
religion
• To be a center for harmonizing the actions
of nations.

CMW is short for Committee on Migrant Workers.