ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

In March 1814, four major powers of Europe, namely England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria came to an agreement and signed the Treaty of Chaumont to form the coalition that would eventually defeat Napoleon.

According to John Ikenberry, the Concert of Europe had three major mechanisms: • The Quadruple Alliance (later Quintuple) that was extended to the peacetime and formed the great power ensemble. • The periodical congress system that served as an institutional consultation mechanism among great powers to maintain the status quo. • The diffusion of “promulgation of norms and rules of European public law” that gave “the institutional, territorial, and great-power arrangements in Europe a certain sense of legal-based legitimacy and authority” (Ikenberry, 2001: 98).

According to Schechter, these early public international unions had numerous functions. They served as the: • Collection point and clearinghouses for information, • Centers for collective decisions on the solution of common problems, • Tools for the coordination of national policy and practices, • Agencies for promoting uniform standards in their fields.

The First Hague Conference was held in May 1899 with the attendance of 26 states.

The First Hague Conference was held in May 1899 with the attendance of 26 states.

At The Second Hague Conference, thirteen conventions and one declaration were signed. They were mostly related to arbitration, regulations on war as well as land and naval warfare.

the Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919 to negotiate the terms of peace.

The weaknesses of the League of Nations may be summarized as follows: • The primary problem of the League was the assumed equality among its members. As it was a design of the victorious states of World War I, the US, Britain, France, Japan, and Italy were given permanent membership in the Council. After the US rejection of the League of Nations, the Council was dominated by European powers. Although it was one of the permanent members, Japan became quickly disillusioned when the principle of racial equality was not accepted (Burkman, 2008: 80-86).

It is generally agreed that the notion of a centralized territorial sovereign state came to light in the late 17th century as European monarchs gained power as supreme sovereigns over their realms.

Hugo Grotious is a Dutch philosopher and statesman who lived between 1538 and 1645. His main importance in the theory and practice of international relations is his contributions to the development of international law.

The Peace of Westphalia ended the feudal system based on the primacy of the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire and led to the emergence of new political entities called “sovereign states.” Thus, it indeed marked the beginning of an international milieu that would facilitate the emergence of nation-states.

In March 1814, four major powers of Europe, namely England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria came to an agreement and signed the Treaty of Chaumont to form the coalition that would eventually defeat Napoleon.

The most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe.

The establishment of the International Danube Commission for the regulation of free navigation in the river was the first initiative in forming an international body for the governance of a particular international issue.

The Concert contributed to the cooperation among European states for maintaining peace as well as the governance of the system. However, it did not produce permanent international bodies for resolving the disputes. Nor did it contribute to the institutionalization of international regulations and norms by way of codifying them into international law.

A civil initiative in Switzerland successfully created the first international regulatory organization for war: the International Committee for Relief to Wounded in 1863 that was later renamed as the International Committee of the Red Cross.

The Hague Conference can be considered as the first global conference in the history of the international relations.

The League did not fairly represent the political and geographical structure of the world. Apart from the US absence, the defeated countries and the Soviet Union were not invited to the membership.

According to the the Peace of Westphalia, each sovereign who represented a state was accepted as equal, regardless of the size of lands they ruled or the nobility to which they belonged.

The content of the Holy Alliance was an explicit manifesto for the legitimacy of the absolute monarchy’s sovereignty over the people who had recently experienced wthe French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.