ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

• First, the peace treaties were negotiated and signed by the states dominated by the rulers that were commonly accepted as sovereigns of their realms.

• Second, the physical borders of each state were recognized and commonly accepted. Therefore, each of these units represented a political entity.

• Third, each sovereign who represented a state was accepted as equal, regardless of the size of lands they ruled or the nobility o which they belonged.

• Fourth, though no international organization emerged as a body until the late 19th century, the way in which these peace accords were made initialized a method that enabled states to communicate collectively through diplomatic instruments. Thus, it is possible to assert that the Peace of Westphalia laid the foundations of collective diplomacy and established the basis of the Congress System that would help institutionalize the international environment in the following centuries.

All the European states that had taken part in the Napoleonic Wars replied positively to the invitation. The Congress convened in November 1814 in Vienna. Nevertheless, the decision-making process was carried out by the four major powers that were the signatories of the Treaty of Chaumont. They were namely England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Throughout the Congress of Vienna, these powers singlehandedly drew the new European map, dissolved Napoleonic states, restored the old monarchies that Napoleon dismissed and made extensive border changes through annexations (Mowat, 1922: 7-8).

A brief period in which Napoleon came to power in France once again caused some nuisance. However, this short reign did not upset the functioning of the Congress, and the decisive defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo sealed his fate.

The Concert system was geographically limited to Europe. Its mechanisms only applied to the European political community. In other words, nonEuropean states were excluded from the collective diplomacy of the 19th century. The Concert, therefore, failed to be based on a universal legitimacy.

• Collection point and clearinghouses for information,

• Centers for collective decisions on the solution of common problems,

• Tools for the coordination of national policy and practices,

• Agencies for promoting uniform standards in their fields.

Particular river commissions also fulfilled regulatory, administrative, supervisory, and adjudicatory functions (Schechter, 2010: lxvii).

• to prevent future wars,

• to enforce disarmament,

• to promote the international law,

• to provide with people better conditions of living,

• to enforce the peace treaties signed in Paris, primarily the Treaty of Versailles.