ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

A “checks and balances system” does not exist in an authoritarian regime. The correct option is C.

Nationalism does not have a direct influence in the world organization and international order. The correct option is A.

Neorealists emphasize the importance of relative gains. The correct option is E.

While both approaches assume that international system is “anarchic”, neorealists claim that foreign policy is constrained by anarchy.  However, neoliberals argue that international regimes, globalization, and international interdependence are important tools for managing the relations between international actors. The correct option is D.

This situation is called a non-zero sum game or a positive game.

Globalized competition is a value of the Global Governance. The correct option is E.

Norms are standards of behavior, and they are defined in terms of rights and obligations. The correct option is D.

Options A, B and C belong to the school of Power-based (Structural) theories, option D belongs to the school of Knowledge-based (Cognitive) theories. The correct option is E.

Problem-structural approach belongs to the  Interest-based (Institutional) School. The correct option is C.

The national government and law model is referenced by the definition in the question. The correct option is C.

Liberal institutionalism is a version of liberalism that emphasizes the positive role of international institutions and global governance in promoting peace and cooperation. It holds that both domestic and international institutions are instrumental in ending wars, rivalry, and conflict between nation states. It rejects the idea that world politics is destined to be dominated by powerful states whereas international institutions and global governance are without any power that may effect change in the system. Realists and neorealists appreciate the primacy of great powers and the balance of power system in managing world order. However, for liberals, international institutions play (and should play) a key role in world politics. Choice (e) is the correct answer.

"grandchildren and greatgrandchildren of World War II generation no longer live in a perpetual state of war, suspicion, and rivalry. The EU has been instrumental for European states in realizing that they share common interests in every issue area even if they live in an “anarchical” international system".

Authoritarian or tyrannical regimes have little respect for human rights. In such a regime, a “checks and balances system” does not exist that may limit and control the power of the government. Liberal regimes, however, strive to create a democratic, open, and pluralistic society and to manage differing interests in the society like a neutral arbiter. In a liberal regime, the domestic political power is shared among several non-sovereign institutions. For most liberals, the state reflects the concerns and interests of various interest groups (pressure groups) such as the bureaucracy, the military, political parties, and other powerful elites that attempt to improve their own interests in the society. In other words, the liberal state does not mirror the interests of only one elite group or the dominant social class; it rather acts as the fair and impartial mediator between different interest groups. As such, political power is diffused among a range of institutions and a variety of actors in the society. Choice (a) is the correct answer.

According to Krasner, there are four defining components of international regimes: Principles are beliefs of causation, fact, and rectitude; norms are standards of behavior, and they are defined in terms of rights and obligations; rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action; decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice. Choice (b) is the correct answer.

Choices (a), (b), (c), and (e) are listed among knowledge-based (cognitive) theories. Choice (d) is the correct answer.

Choices (a) and (b) are the key concepts in the interest-based (institutional) approach, (d) and (are) are the key concepts in knowledge-based (cognitive) approach. Choice (c) is the correct answer.

One of the issues that the New global governance and new multilateralism should address is the following: The first trend is the integration between national governments and international bodies. Different types of actors such as domestic constituencies, IGOs, and global civil society have cooperated on governance issues. A wide range of issues from climate change to the global financial crisis, from intellectual property rights to global trade have become a part of the agenda at all political levels. Thanks to substantial innovation and change, a variety of institutional arrangements produces different forms of multi-sector, multi-level, multi-actor and multi-polar governance. Hence, contemporary world issues may not be understood and solved by state-centric models of analysis. Choice (a) is the correct answer.

"The internet architecture and code model: Many regulatory decisions are made by communication protocols and other software about how the Internet operates."

An important concept about policymaking is policy network. A policy network is a set of nonhierarchical, stable, and interdependent relationships that connect a variety of actors. Choice (d) is the correct answer.

Global commons are defined as natural resources and areas that are outside the national jurisdiction. They are resource domains to which all nations have legal access. International law identifies four global commons, namely: Antarctica, the oceans, the atmosphere, and space. Choice (a) is the correct answer.