ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

The evolution of international organizations is closely associated with the process of globalization and global governance. Nevertheless, their roots can be traced back to the emergence of the modern international system after the Peace of Westphalian in 1648.

Globalization and interdependence are the key factors that have paved the way for global governance.

The Paris Conference (1856), the Berlin Conference (1878), and The Hague Conferences (1899 and 1907) can be considered as mechanisms of early forms of IOs. However, the League of Nations is the first permanent IO that was established for the maintenance of international peace and security.

International Labour Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles.

The Commission on Global Governance defines governance as “the sum of the many individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest”.

In the literature, IOs are categorized according to three criteria: membership, aims and activities, and structure.

Archer identifies nine main functions of IO. These are: articulation and aggregation, norm-setting, recruitment, socialization, rulemaking, rule application, rule adjudication, information, and operation (Archer, 2001).

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights provided the groundwork for the adoption of key international human rights covenants in the 1960s and 1970s.

Constructivism argues that IOs contribute to bilateral and multilateral cooperation among nation states, despite the fact that their material interests and political power may not be maximized through this cooperation.

David Mitrany, the founding father of the functionalist theory, justifies the establishment of IOs.

Non-legitimate transactional actors are criminals, guerrillas and liberation movements. The correct answer is C

Global governance refers to the systems of rules to have a transnational control that emcompasses all levels of human activity. The correct answer is A.

The concept of transnational organization refers to the institutionalization of global interactions under a formal and permanent structure through an agreement among more than two participants of which at least one is a non-state actor. TNOs are divided into three types: genuine INGOs, hybrid NGOs, and trans-governmental organizations (TGOs). International non-governmental organizations that consist of both governmental members and non-governmental members are characterized as hybrid INGOs. The correct answer is E.

Trans-governmental organizations, on the other hand, refer to the networks of cooperation
between governmental actors that are not part of central foreign policy organs. The International Union of Local Authorities (IULA), the Interpol, or the Inter-Parliamentary Union are some examples of TGOs. The correct answer is B.

International organizations are helpful by fulfilling significant functions. Archer identifies nine main functions of IO. These are: articulation and aggregation, norm-setting, recruitment, socialization, rulemaking, rule application, rule adjudication, information, and operation (Archer, 2001). The correct answer is D.

International organizations are helpful by fulfilling significant functions. Among their nine different functions, articulation and aggregation refers to the ability of IOs to bring together unions or organizations that focus on similar issues. The correct answer is B.

Realism sees IOs as an important means for states in reaching their goals of benefit and power maximization. By attributing greater importance to the role of IOs in international affairs, liberalism stresses the importance of global governance through which individual nation states become subject to a formal set of rules that help them to resolve various contemporary challenges and further strengthen cooperation. Marxism regards IOs as tools of powerful developed states to protect
their own benefits at the expense of underdeveloped or developing states. For constructivism, IOs are beneficial actors for nation states to build cooperative relations based on their willful stance rather than rational behavior. Feminism focuses on the role of IOs through the lens of gender and gender politics in international affairs. The Green theory attributes a great importance to IOs since they form and protect international norms and rules on environmental issues by creating close networks of organizations, environmentalist experts, and multinational corporations as well as agencies. Federalism as an integration theory sees the IOs as central decision-making bodies that have control over the ways in which means of power are used for common political problems of nation states. Functionalism and neofunctionalism underline the functional value of IOs for nation-states. In that respect, this approach finds a ground for IOs in international affairs since they help to develop common interests and cooperative relations among individual member states. Intergovernmentalism and liberal intergovernmentalism, on the other hand, assume that states are the ultimate autonomous actors in international relations. Even if they decide to integrate under the umbrella of an IO, they are still the autonomous actors that decide upon the extent of common policies. The correct answer is C.

Realism sees IOs as an important means for states in reaching their goals of benefit and power maximization. Liberalism stresses the importance of global governance through which individual nation states become subject to a formal set of rules that help them to resolve various contemporary challenges and further strengthen cooperation. Marxism regards IOs as tools of powerful developed states to protect their own benefits at the expense of underdeveloped or developing states. For constructivism, IOs are beneficial actors for nation states to build cooperative relations based on their willful stance rather than rational behavior. Feminism focuses on the role of IOs through the lens of gender and gender politics in international affairs. The Green theory attributes a great importance to IOs since they form and protect international norms and rules on environmental issues by creating close networks of organizations, environmentalist experts, and multinational corporations as well as agencies. Federalism sees the IOs as central decision-making bodies that have control over the ways in which means of power are used for common political problems of nation states. Functionalism and neofunctionalism underline the functional value of IOs for nation-states. Intergovernmentalism and liberal intergovernmentalism, on the other hand, assume that states are the ultimate autonomous actors in international relations. Even if they decide to integrate under the umbrella of an IO, they are still the autonomous actors that decide upon the extent of common policies. The correct answer is A.

Regionalism is a theory or practice of the integration process, which coordinates social, economic, and political activities within a specific geographical location embodying a number of states. The correct answer is C.

Universalism means in general the priority to general rules applying equally to all persons, and therefore the rejection of particularistic preferences in most spheres. The correct answer is D.