ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM

The study of international organizations (IOs) and global governance embodies a wide range of topics that have conceptual, historical, and theoretical dimensions.

IOs have significantly contributed to the notion of global governance.

The increase and diversification of IOs in international politics is closely related to globalization which emerged as a result of the rapid changes of the 20th century. Diez and his colleagues describe globalization as a “catch-all” concept that refers to “the widespread perception of the world as merging into a shared global economic and social space, a process caused by information technologies and an increased degree of interdependency”.

The League of Nations is the first permanent IO that was established for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The liberal school of IR describes the increasing interaction among international actors as the growing interdependence in international politics. In this context, Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye have developed the term “complex interdependence”.

If the members of an organization are governments or official representatives of governments, this type of IOs is called intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) consist of members that are generally national NGOs representing their respective fellow countrymen. The goals of NGOs are determined by individuals, and they can operate at both national and international levels.

TNOs are divided into three types: genuine INGOs, hybrid NGOs, and trans-governmental organizations (TGOs).

If the members of an organization belong to a specific geographical region, this kind of organization is classified as a regional organization. The most notable examples of regional organizations are the European Union (EU), the African Union (AU) and the Organization of American States (OAS).

If its membership is not confined to a particular region and open to all states, this kind of organization is classified as a universal organization such as the UN. Nevertheless, this typology is contested.

The emergence of the Concert System in Europe following the Congress of Vienna heralded the establishment of international organizations. The European “concert was not a full-fledged IGO (intergovernmental organization) but rather an informal mechanism for consultation that helped states cooperate while retaining their autonomy”. Therefore, the correct option is C.

It was only after the First World War that modern international organizations started to emerge. Archer considers the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 as the starting point of contemporary international organizations. After the Conference, the League of Nations and International Labour Organization (ILO) were established as the leading modern international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Legitimate transnational actors from a country can be transnational companies, political parties, or NGOs. Legitimate actors usually engage with IOs in the management of international relations. As a legitimate type of transnational actors, transnational companies (TNCs) play a relatively greater role in international politics today. They primarily lobby foreign governments in several ways; they can indirectly ask their own government to put pressure on a foreign government, try to affect the target government through IOs, or directly reach its diplomatic missions or ministries. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Non-legitimate transnational actors can also produce an impact on international politics. They generate serious problems for states such as criminal financial flows, criminal trade, or illegal trafficking. Because of this, states nowadays individually or collectively are trying to find legal solutions toward blocking the illegal activities of these groups. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The liberal school of IR describes the increasing interaction among international actors as the growing interdependence in international politics. In this context, Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye have developed the term “complex interdependence,” which refers to a new structure of relations where all actors have close ties that do not allow either of them to follow individual policies in critical issue areas of international politics such as trade and economics. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Intergovernmental organizations are divided into three categories:
• IGOs under the total control of the leading member states
• Semi-autonomous IGOs
• Autonomous IGOs
This typology is based on member states’ influence in the organization. Therefore, the correct option is D.

TNOs are divided into three types: genuine INGOs, hybrid NGOs, and trans-governmental organizations (TGOs). INGOs are organizations that only consist of non-governmental actors. The International Olympic Committee is a telling example of INGOs. International non-governmental organizations that consist of both governmental members and non-governmental members are characterized as hybrid INGOs. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Another typology of organizations based on the membership criterion is related to the geographical representation. If the members of an organization belong to a specific geographical region, this kind of organization is classified as a regional organization. The most notable examples of regional organizations are the European Union (EU), the African Union (AU) and the Organization of American States (OAS). If its membership is not confined to a particular region and open to all states, this kind of organization is classified as a universal organization such as the UN. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Articulation and aggregation: This refers to the ability of IOs to bring together unions or organizations that focus on similar issues. IOs enable the actors who share similar objectives to work together for better conditions and help them make their voice heard. In case of disagreement, members may leave the umbrella organization and establish a new international organization. Trade unions, youth movements, employers’ associations generally illustrate this function of IOs.

Recruitment: This refers to their organizational capacity to allow new members to become a member of the international community with full rights. IGOs, for instance, accept non-self-governing territories into membership in a way to improve their political power and help them learn how to follow their interests in the international arena. INGOs, on the other hand, enable new members to raise new issues in the international system.