ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Although liberalism does not assume that war is illusory, at least it defines the
nature of international relations as a sequence of cooperation and conflict, not only as a conflictual process as Realists do. As such, in contrast to the realist perspective, liberalism takes a different stance on the role of IOs in world affairs. Since liberalism underlines the importance of cooperation between states, naturally this approach attributes a greater prominence to international organizations and considers them as essential actors of International Relations. In that respect, IOs are regarded as the “early institutions of world government.” IOs serve as a platform for states to cooperate and they provide with states and other non-state actors a formal set of rules that are necessary for managing international affairs. In this regard, IOs serve to the common good of all participating states rather than to the interests of a single most powerful state. It is believed that states choose to cooperate through international organizations, because they help to reduce the costs of managing international affairs for nation states. Therefore, states most of the time prefer to act in
line with the institutional structure of international organizations.

The concept of legalism refers to a world-order approach that considers international law as the exclusive means to sustaining and promoting world order. Therefore, the correct option is C.

"The concept of legalism refers to a world-order approach that considers international law as the exclusive means to sustaining and promoting world order."

The concept of legalism refers to a world-order approach that considers international law as the exclusive means to sustaining and promoting world order. Although the endproduct of its proponents has been a world government or world federalism, they however, acknowledging the difficulty involved in this process, have generally entertained the idea that world government may be created by first establishing a world confederal structure. Federalism and Confederalism, so the argument goes, would and should be achieved by uniting the world around a common global law. The correct option is A.

While both approaches assume that international system is “anarchic”, neorealists claim that foreign policy is constrained by anarchy.  However, neoliberals argue that international regimes, globalization, and international interdependence are important tools for managing the relations between international actors. The correct option is D.

The correct answer is E.The League had five major objectives:

• to prevent future wars,

• to enforce disarmament,

• to promote the international law,

• to provide with people better conditions of living,

• to enforce the peace treaties signed in Paris, primarily the Treaty of Versailles.

Following the Battle of Waterloo, the major powers signed two separate alliance treaties consecutively, the Holy Alliance and the Quadruple Alliance. The former, signed on 18 September 1815, was a proclamation of the three East European monarchies, that is, the royal houses of Habsburg, Hohenzollern, and Romanov.

Consequences of the Peace of Westphalia may be summarized as follows: • First, the peace treaties were negotiated and signed by the states dominated by the rulers that were commonly accepted as sovereigns of their realms. • Second, the physical borders of each state were recognized and commonly accepted. Therefore, each of these units represented a political entity. • Third, each sovereign who represented a state was accepted as equal, regardless of the size of lands they ruled or the nobility o which they belonged. • Fourth,thoughno international organization emerged as a body until the late 19th century, the way in which these peace accords were made initialized a method that enabled states to communicate collectively through diplomatic instruments. Thus, it is possible to assert that the Peace of Westphalia laid the foundations of collective diplomacy and established the basis of the Congress System that would help institutionalize the international environment in the following centuries.

The content of the Holy Alliance was an explicit manifesto for the legitimacy of the absolute monarchy’s sovereignty over the people who had recently experienced wthe French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

The key events that had impact on the creation of the UN are the Concert of Europe, The Hague Conferences, international public unions, and the League of Nations. The correct answer is D.

The first concrete step toward establishing the UN was taken when U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. The correct answer is A.

The Security Council has also powers to take diplomatic or economic measures against an aggressor state. Most importantly, it can authorize military action. The correct answer is B.

António Guterres, who assumed the office in January 2017, is the current UN
Secretary-General. The correct answer is C.

Article 51 of the UN Charter establishes the right to self-defense of a state against armed attack.

The pacific settlement of disputes is defined as the ‘diplomatic’ instrument of the UN that aims to help conflicting parties solve their disputes through peaceful and non-coercive means. The correct answer is E.

A truth commission is a temporary, nonjudicial body that investigates past human rights violation committed over a period of time. Truth commissions engage with victims, survivors, and perpetrators and aim to produce a final report on the patterns of human rights abuses. They are often authorized by a state.  The correct answer is A.

The UN bodies contribute to the governance of the international human rights regime in three main ways: (1) norm creation, (2) institutionalization, (3) monitoring and reporting. The correct answer is E.

The UN Security Council has been subject to many criticisms except that it has no coercive or binding authority. The UN General Assembly has been criticised due to its lack of coercive or binding authority. The correct answer is C.

Turkey is not one of the permanent members (P5) of the UN Security Council. The correct answer is A.

The League of Nations, established after the end of World War I, had a huge impact on the creation of the UN.