ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM - Deneme Sınavı - 13

The first concrete step toward establishing the UN was taken when U.S. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed
a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941

The six principal organs of the UN: the General Assembly, Security Council (UNSC), Secretariat, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body where all members of the organization can make their voice heard (Hanhimaki, 2008:33).

First Committee deals with disarmament and international security; the Second Committee with economic and financial matters; the Third Committee with social, humanitarian and cultural matters; the Fourth Committee with
special political and decolonization matters, the Fifth Committee with administrative and budgetary questions; and the Sixth Committee with legal matters

The UN Secretary-General between 2007 and 2016 was Ban Ki-Moon

Functional Commissions:

• Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
• Narcotic Drugs
• Population and Development
• Science and Technology for Development
• Social Development
• Statistics
• Status of Women
• United Nations Forum on Forests

The first significant contribution of the UN to the global governance of human rights is its function of establishing human rights norms and standards, of which the most notable example is the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly

The ICJ is one of the principal organs of the UN. Located in The Hague (La Haye), the ICJ is the judicial arm of the organization.

UNESCO refers to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

The Security Council was designed to be relatively small in order to act swiftly and efficiently (Mingst and Karns, 2012: 31-32). It initially had eleven members, but this number increased to fifteen in 1965. The status of membership is divided into two: permanent and non-permanent members. The United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia are the five permanent members (P5) of the Security Council.

The League of Nations, established after the end of World War I, had a huge impact on the creation of the UN. In fact, the UN can be defined as “a child of the League of Nations” (Alger, 1995:4). The League provided a model for the normative and institutional structure of the UN. It is a fact that the UN derived important organizational features from the League such as the Secretariat and Assembly.

Chapter I of the Charter outlines the basic principles and main purposes of the UN. They are:

This section examines the six principal organs of the UN: the General Assembly, Security Council (UNSC), Secretariat, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

The only exception to the prohibition of the use of force is provided in Article 51 of the Charter. Article 51 establishes the right to self-defense of a state against armed attack. In case of armed attack, member states have the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense until the UNSC takes necessary measures.

First and foremost, the UN Charter establishes the sovereign equality of its members as the most fundamental principle upon which the UN is founded.

The key principles of the UN underline the maintenance of international peace and security as the primary goal. Toward this goal, two principles gain prominence. The first is the prohibition of the threat or use of force.

The second principle related to international peace and security is the peaceful settlement of international disputes.

The non-interference in internal affairs of member states is another core principle of the UN.

The jurisdiction of the ICJ is different from that of national courts. Given that the ICJ does not have compulsory jurisdiction, a state cannot be forced to appear before court. The ICJ can hear and decide a case only if all contending parties agree to submit it to the court. However, if states accept to appear before the ICJ, judgments delivered by the court are binding upon them (Karns, Mingst, and Stiles, 2015: 141) As of June 2018, 73 states have recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ

The United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia are the five permanent members (P5) of the Security Council.

The UN System was built on developments from the 16th century onward. These are European traditions and experience in international law and organizations; the Concert of Europe; codified procedures for the prevention of war and the pacific settlement of conflicts in the Hague conferences; international public unions such as the Rhine Commission (1815) and the Danube Commission (1848), as well as that of the International Telegraphic Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874); and finally, the League of Nations. The first concrete step towards the establishment of the UN was taken when US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill signed a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. The Declaration by the United Nations was signed in January 1942 by twenty-six nations fighting against the Axis powers. Representatives from China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States gathered at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington D.C. to draft the charter and main principles of the new international organization. They produced Dumbarton Oaks Proposals on the basic structure of the organization in 1944. The United Nations Conference on the International Organization convened in San Francisco, and the UN Charter was unanimously accepted on June 26, 1945. It officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.

170 cases were brought before the court between May 1947 and January 2018 (ICJA). It has ruled on a wide range of legal disputes including territorial disputes, delimitation of the continental shelf, the legality of nuclear tests, rights of asylum, the use of force, and environmental protection.

At the end of World War II, a major effort to “develop ways of maintaining peace and stability” led to the formation of the United Nations (Bennett, 1995:43).