ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Mingst and Karns identify five key events that had an important impact on the creation of the UN. These are:

The correct answer is E.

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN. Each member state has one vote. Its major functions are to consider and make recommendations on any subject; operate as a central coordinating body among other UN bodies and agencies; consider and approve the budget of the UN; and elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, all members of the ECOSOC, and non-administering members of the Trusteeship Council. The correct answer is D.

Another principal organ of the UN is the Secretariat, which consists of a Secretary-General and thousands of international civil servants responsible for the day-to-day activities of the organization. Unlike the General Assembly, the UNSC or ECOSOC, the Secretariat is not constituted of delegates that represent member states. The UN Secretariat comprises a series of offices and departments, each of which is headed by an undersecretary-general. Their work involves the implementation of the economic, humanitarian, and social programs that aim to fulfill the Charter’s promises. The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the UN. The SecretaryGeneral is elected by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the UNSC for a five-year renewable term. The appointment process of the Secretary-General is highly sensitive because any permanent member of the UNSC may use its veto power. The correct answer is A.

The pacific settlement of disputes is defined as the ‘diplomatic’ instrument of the UN that aims to help conflicting parties solve their disputes through peaceful and non-coercive means (Dogan,
2012: 131). The UN employs different techniques, including mediation, good offices, special envoys
and missions as well as preventive diplomacy. The correct answer is D.

The UN has contributed to global governance with regard to international peace and security in
two main ways, both of which are intertwined: operational and normative. First, the operational
contribution of the UN involves concrete activities in preventing, settling, managing, and resolving
conflicts. In this regard, the organization has developed several instruments throughout its
history such as the pacific settlement of disputes, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and peace enforcement. Another major contribution of UN to global security governance is normative in character. This refers to the creation and promotion of new security norms and frameworks. It is directly related to the UN’s function of collective legitimization, which strengthens particular policies, positions of particular states, and particular values in international politics. The correct answer is B.

The pacific settlement of disputes is defined as the ‘diplomatic’ instrument of the UN that aims to help conflicting parties solve their disputes through peaceful and non-coercive means. The correct answer is A.

A truth commission is a temporary, nonjudicial body that investigates past human rights violation committed over a period of time. The correct answer is C.

Most of the criticisms and reform calls are directed at two of the principal organs: the General
Assembly and the UNSC. Critics of the Assembly underline that:

The correct answer is B.

The composition of the Security Council is the most controversial aspect of the UN and has been
criticized for several reasons:

The correct answer is D.

The Secretariat is divided into various offices and departments. The following units under the Secreterait are directly responsible for global economic and social affairs:

• The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),

• The United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),

• The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),

• The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (ODC),

• The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (OHRLLS),

• The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)

The correct answer is E.

The members of ECOSOC are elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. ECOSOC holds one five-week session each year alternately in New York and Geneva. Its year-round work is carried out by its subsidiary commissions and committees.ECOSOC initially had eighteen members. However, especially with the decolonization movement, new members from the developing world joined ECOSOC. As a result, the number of its members first increased to twenty-seven in 1965 and then to its current number of fifty-four in 1973. Each member has an equal voting right and, unlike the Security Council, no member has veto power.Although the Charter established ECOSOC as one of the six main organs of the UN, ECOSOC operates under the General Assembly. The UN and its bodies, including ECOSOC, have been frequently criticized for their inefficiency, duplication, and fragmentation that caused inefficient use of resources and ultimately a clear lack of organizational goals. Therefore, some critics have called for the elimination of ECOSOC; however, most of its members, and especially the developing countries, do not agree.

The correct answer is C.

“NGOs that are accredited with ECOSOC can participate in many events, including, but not limited to regular sessions of ECOSOC, its functional commissions and its other subsidiary bodies. They may:

• Attend official meetings;

• Submit written statements prior to sessions;

• Make oral statements;

• Meet official government delegations, UN officers and other NGO representatives;

• Organize and attend parallel events that take place during the session;

• Participate in debates, interactive dialogues and panel discussions” (www.un.org).

The correct answer is A.

The UN Charter describes the four pillars of the UN as floows:

• Peace and Security

• Human Rights

• The Rule of Law

• Development

All these four pillars are interconnected. None of them can be fully achieved without addressing the other three.

The correct answer is E.

On December 10, 1948, only three years after the establishment of the United Nations, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which explicates basic civil, cultural, economic, political, and social rights that all persons in every country should enjoy.  This declaration with the UN Charter constitutes the foundations of the human rights law. 

The correct answer is B.

UNESCO is another successful case for the UN involvement in the governance of global social issues. UNESCO is one of the largest UN agencies that was created to increase “dialogue among civilizations, cultures, and peoples,” based on mutual respect, and to contribute toward peace and the eradication of poverty. Article I of its Constitution commits UNESCO to furthering through education, science and culture “universal respect for justice, for the rule of law, and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms.” (www.unesco.org) Following its establishment in 1945, the organization has taken major roles in standard and norm setting, especially through its involvement in human rights education, research and awareness-raising within its fields of competence. In 2003 intensified efforts to mainstream human rights across the UN system led UNESCO to reaffirm and contextualize its human rights mandate. A significant innovation was the delineation of specific human rights responsibilities as opposed to a previously loosely defined mandate.

“UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015,” (//en.unesco.org/)

The correct answer is C.

Environmental issues, and particularly climate change, were not at the top of the UN agenda during the 1950s and 1960s. In fact, it was not until late 1960s that environmental issues received serious attention by any major UN organ. In 1969, deliberations about acquiring a balance on all elements of social and economic development, particularly in developing countries, were held in ECOSOC and in the General Assembly. Subsequently, the Commission for Social Development submitted a draft Declaration on Social Progress and Development, which was adopted by the General Assembly in 1969. This was the first time an international instrument provided clear guidelines for not only social policies but also the integration of economic and social action toward improving the social environment and the well-being of the individual.

The correct answer is D.

Health is another major area of global governance. When nations came together to form the UN in 1945, one of the proposals on the agenda was setting up a global health organization. Thus, the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) came into force on April 7, 1948. Therefore, we now celebrate April 7 as the world health day. All members of the UN are also members of WHO, which is located in Geneva/ Switzerland. Its primary purpose is to promote global health. WHO is mandated to direct and coordinate authority on international health within the UN system in several ways, including to:

• provide leadership on matters critical to health and engage in partnerships where joint action is needed,

• shape the research agenda and stimulate the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable knowledge,

• set norms and standards and promote and monitore their implementation,

• articulate ethical and evidence-based policy options,

• provide technical support, catalyze change, and build sustainable institutional capacity,

• monitore the health situation and assess health trends (http://www.who.int).

WHO has been very successful in controlling malaria and other diseases of the poorer countries. While WHO has undertaken some specific health issue campaigns, its central strategy is based on primary healthcare, including health education, food supply and nutrition, safe water, sanitation, immunization, disease prevention, and the provision of essential drugs. Because of overlapping goals, WHO works closely with other UN bodies such as UNICEF, the Refugee Agency, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and the World Food Programme (WFP) to coordinate their activities. 

The correct answer is B.

The World Bank and the IMF are designed as part of the UN system. These institutions are specialized agencies under the UN system. The IMF and the World Bank Group (including IBRD, International Development Association, and International Finance Corporation) remain among eighteen specialized agencies. However, the World Bank and the IMF are funded and governed independently of the UN system. The UN has no direct discretionary authority over the World Bank or the IMF that are governed by representatives of their member states. The policies of the two loaning institutions have often come under severe criticism on the grounds that these policies conflict with the humanitarian goals of the broader UN system. 

The correct answer is E.

Members of G-20;

Argentina, France, Japan, South Korea,  Australia,  Germany,  Mexico,  Turkey,  Brazil, India, Russia, United Kingdom, Canada, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, United States, China, Italy, South Africa, and  European Union.

The correct answer is C.

The Concert Sytem emerged in 1815 that created several intergovernmental mechanisms for international cooperation and collaboration