ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM - Deneme Sınavı - 4

The correct answer is E.According to Schechter, these early public international unions had numerous functions. They served as the:

• Collection point and clearinghouses for information,

• Centers for collective decisions on the solution of common problems,

• Tools for the coordination of national policy and practices,

• Agencies for promoting uniform standards in their fields.

Particular river commissions also fulfilled regulatory, administrative, supervisory, and adjudicatory functions (Schechter, 2010: lxvii).

The First Hague Conference was held in May 1899 with the attendance of 26 states.

The correct answer is C.The Council had four permanent members- namely, England, France, Japan, and Italy- and three non-permanent members who were selected by the Assembly for a three-year term.

The correct answer is E.

Kenneth Waltz, the father of neorealism, sees anarchy as a constant state of or the threat of war in the international system (Waltz, 1979: 102-103).

Rooted in the writings of Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli, the  international system refers to the anarchical international structure and self-centered actors (states), who seek after their interests in a race of survival and therefore follow power politics.

Based on Hugo Grotius’ reflections, the international society refers to the trend of institutionalism of shared interests among states through the creation of regulations, norms, and rules that will be commonly agreed.

Embedded in Immanuel Kant’s reflections, the world society indicates individuals, non-state organizations, and other actors that make up an idealistic international civil society (Wight, 1992: 37-40).

The perfect example of the 18th century Congress System is the Utrecht Congress, which convened in 1713 to end the War of the Spanish
Succession. Regardless of their size or strength, all the European sovereign states were represented at the Congress.

The French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars utterly ended the European balance of power mechanism by destroying the dynastic kinship.

In March 1814, four major powers of Europe, namely England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria came to an agreement and signed the Treaty of Chaumont to form the coalition that would eventually defeat Napoleon.

The most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe. The Concert mainly rested on a hierarchy that was constructed by the two treaties of the Holy and Quadruple Alliances and also considered the major powers of Europe as the guardians of the European order.

Article 15 of the Final Act of the Paris Congress was a remarkable improvement in international institutionalization since it established an international commission for the supervision of the Danube River. The establishment of the International Danube Commission for the regulation of free navigation in the river was the first initiative in forming an international body for the governance of a particular international issue.

The discipline of International Relations refers to the Peace of Westphalia that ended the 30 Years’ War in 1648 as “the dawn of the modern international system.” The treaties signed in Münster and Osnabrück in 1648 indicate the political and diplomatic development that paved the way to the establishment of international institutions. The Peace of Westphalia ended the feudal system based on the primacy of thePapacy and the Holy Roman Empire and led to the emergence of new political entities called “sovereign states.” Thus, it indeed marked the beginning of an international milieu that would facilitate the emergence of nation-states.

The correct choice is C.

Though no international organization emerged as a body until the late 19th century, the way in which these peace accords were made initialized a method that enabled states to communicate collectively through diplomatic instruments. The peace of Westphalia was in the 17th century.

The correct choice is D.

The Congress convened in November 1814 in Vienna.

The correct choice is C.

In March 1814, four major powers of Europe, namely England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria came to an agreement and signed the Treaty of Chaumont to form the coalition that would eventually defeat Napoleon.

Britain decided to join the Holy Alliance. As a result, the treaty establishing the Quadruple Alliance was signed on 20 November 1815. However, this does not mean that Britain embraced the values of the absolute monarchies, nor did Britain and other members of the Quadruple Alliance stop seeing France and the effects of the French Revolution as a threat to their regimes.

The correct choice is B.

It is true that the Congress of Vienna reinstituted the status of the European powers (E), but the most significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna was the creation of a new diplomatic and political system in Europe, which is referred to as the Concert of Europe.

The correct choice is B.

The Berlin Congress was the first international meeting where previously-formed committees examined all issues ahead of the Congress. As such, the success of the Berlin Congress was attributed to the preparatory meetings of these committees. Following the Berlin Conference, these organizational procedures became common practice in future conferences.

The correct choice is D.