ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLENME VE KÜRESEL YÖNETİŞİM - Deneme Sınavı - 15

Globalization has enabled nonstate to involve in the international and created opportunities for them to play a greater role in decision-making processes. Thus, it is a factor that promotes interdependence.

International Labour Organization (ILO)
was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty
of Versailles. However, the preparation for an
IO in the field of labor had already begun at
the beginning of the 20th century with the
International Association for Labour Legislation.
The main aim of the ILO was to “secure the
permanent peace of the world” by creating
better conditions for workers at the universal
level. The ILO focuses on a variety of labor issues
including social justice, maximum working days
and weeks, adequate living wage, protection
against sickness, and protection of children,
young persons, and women (ILO, 2018).

Growing trade relations among states have increased the activities
of multinational corporations (MNCs). This process has also encouraged societies to establish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to push their governments. Eventually, international NGOs have emerged to deal with transnational issues and challenges.

Legitimate transnational actors from a country
can be transnational companies, political parties,
or NGOs. Legitimate actors usually engage with
IOs in the management of international relations.
As a legitimate type of transnational actors,
transnational companies (TNCs) play a relatively
greater role in international politics today. They
primarily lobby foreign governments in several
ways; they can indirectly ask their own government
to put pressure on a foreign government, try to
affect the target government through IOs, or
directly reach its diplomatic missions or ministries

The Commission on Global Governance defines governance as “the sum of the many individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken. It includes
formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest”

There is a two-way relationship between globalization and global governance, and the state is the crucial actor of global politics, whereas other actors supplement the role of the state. As seen in Table below governance activities based on both the levels where these activities take place and the type of the actor are categorized. 

IOs mainly provide a common platform for members to meet, deliberate, find solutions to their common problems, resolve their disputes, and widen their collaboration. States and other international actors have some demands and aims. They interact with other actors, create alliances, and organize meetings or conferences to meet these demands and achieve these aims. In this regard,
IOs are helpful by fulfilling significant functions. These are: articulation and aggregation, norm-setting, recruitment, socialization, rulemaking, rule
application, rule adjudication, information, and operation

Federalism has been associated with the conventional processes of state-building
and national integration. It has been construed as a particular way of bringing together previously separate, autonomous, or independent territorial units to constitute a new form of union based upon principles that, broadly speaking, can be summarized in the dictum ‘unity in diversity’”

The increase and diversification of international organizations (IO) in international politics is closely related to globalization which emerged as a result of the rapid changes of the 20th century. Diez and his colleagues describe globalization as a “catch-all” concept that refers to “the widespread perception of the world as merging into a shared global economic and social space, a process caused by information technologies and an increased degree of interdependency”. Globalization and interdependence are the key factors that have paved the way for global governance.

It was only after the First World War that modern IOs started to emerge. Archer considers the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 as the starting point of contemporary IOs. After the Conference, the League of Nations and International Labour Organization (ILO) were established as the leading modern IOs.

They are non-legitimate transnational actors like criminals.

Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye have developed the term “complex interdependence".

In the literature, IOs are categorized according to three criteria: membership, aims and activities, and structure.

"The UN General Assembly is an excellent example of an interstate organ where each member state has one vote".

The first main function of IOs is articulation and aggregation. This refers to the ability of IOs to bring together unions or organizations that focus on similar issues.

" The realistic notion of power embodies proficiencies not only in political and economic terms but also in military terms. In that respect, realists argue that states consolidate their power to secure and guarantee their selfpreservation, which is their primary concern...For this reason, the state may intentionally use power to suppress the motives of other states and, thus, create a constant power struggle and hostility in international affairs."

"The Marxist approach contributes to the understanding of international relations and the role of IOs by critically assessing realism and liberalism, which are the dominant theoretical approaches to international relations. Marxism primarily focuses on the role of economic power in international affairs."

"Regionalism is a theory or practice of the integration process, which coordinates social, economic, and political activities within a specific geographical location embodying a number of states ".

" The Paris Conference (1856), the Berlin Conference (1878), and The Hague Conferences (1899 and 1907) can be considered as mechanisms of early forms of IOs. However, the League of Nations is the first permanent IO that was established for the maintenance of international peace and security."