ULUSLARARASI KAMU HUKUKU II

Rise of environmental movements and realization of global environmental threats that could have an effect on the welfare of all humankind, like the depletion of the ozone layer and global climate change, gave a higher status for environmental problems

Ecology, is “the science of the economy of animals and plants; that branch of biology which deals with the relationship of living organisms to their surroundings, their habits and modes of life”.

Sustainable development aims to reduce economic dependency in the long run.

Treaties dealing with access to fishery resources dates back to 1351 with the conclusion of a fishery treaty between England and Castile.

This dispute between the United States and Canada emerged out of air pollution
stemming from a smelter in Canada with negative consequences on the US state of Washington.

The first case brought to international arbitration was the 1893 Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration, which involved a dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom in relation to the protection of fur seals in the Bering Sea from alleged overexploitation of United Kingdom in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Second phase of international environmental law starts with the establishment of the UN.

The UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in June 1972 marks the beginning of the third phase of international environmental law

No Harm Principle is associated to prevention principle and deals with the regulation of crossboundary effects of activities undertaken within the jurisdiction of a state.

A protocol signifies an instrument that creates legally binding obligations at international law.

1972

Sustainable development is “development which ensures that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

It was held in Rio.

Our Common Future

In this period, the United Nations Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources (UNCCUR) laid the foundation of future international environmental action.

The UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in June 1972 marks the beginning of the third phase.

Customary international law

Soft law

No Harm Principle

Precautionary Principle