ULUSLARARASI KAMU HUKUKU II - Deneme Sınavı - 16

Neutrality refers to the status of a State that is outside of an international armed conflict. This includes not helping the combatants of the belligerent States. The correct answer is C.

Notwithstanding the legitimacy aspect of resorting to the use of armed force, occupation is the full and effective control of a foreign national territory by enemy armed forces.

Along with the entry into force of the United Nations Charter and the prohibition on the use of force, war and other concepts related to it was replaced with different expressions such as dispute, situation, use of force, and aggression.

Neutrality refers to the status of a State that is outside of an international armed conflict. This includes not helping the combatants of the belligerent States.

Conciliation is another third-party settlement consisting of inquiry and mediation. It is more formal than mediation. The correct option is C.

The 1899 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes provisioned the elements of peaceful settlement of disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

Baselines do not constitute or mark the outer limits of a State’s territory. For the territorial seas
that extend beyond baselines are also a part of the sea territory. Baselines simply separate internal
waters from other maritime zones each of which have different legal regimes.

The first conference was organized in Paris in 1910. The Conference focused on neither the sovereign

rights of States over their territory nor the freedom of use of air space. States agreed on the topics of the nationality of aircraft, registration of aircraft, certification of aircraft, licensing of the flight crew, rules of the air, customs procedures, etc. However, the Convention failed to enact an international convention on many topics. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The International Civil Aviation Organization was established in 1944 Chicago Convention. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Securing a fair opportunity for each State to operate an international airline is one of the objectives of ICAO. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

'International air space can be defined as the air space beyond the national air spaces of each State, or the air space above the areas of the sea beyond territorial waters' is the whole sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

According to Annex 11, the whole airspace on the planet is divided into flight information services (FIR). Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Cabotage is associated with the sovereignty regime of airspace and limits air transportation. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

For the sake of aviation security, several international treaties have been enacted under the guidance of the ICAO. These are; the 1963 Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (The Tokyo Convention), the 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague Convention), the 1971 Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (The Montreal Convention), the 2010 Beijing Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Act Relating to International Civil Aviation (The Beijing Convention). Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The Beijing Convention includes new crimes in light of the needs of international society against recent threats for civil aviation. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

During the Cold War and the space race, the sensitive issue was a possibility of the beginning of a space war. Therefore, the peaceful uses principle is employed as a preventive tool for the use of force in outer space or through outer space. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Space travel brings some legal questions such as; applicable law to the activity, whether space law or air law, the legal status of space tourists, the definition and the legal status of the vehicle designed for orbital and suborbital flights, the registration of the vehicle designed for orbital and suborbital flights, obligations, liabilities against third party. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

1919 Paris Convention recognized the sovereignty of States over the air space above their territory. The other important provision was on the right of innocent passage in time of peace for all States. The correct answer is E.

The 1928 Havana Convention was adopted in the Pan-American Conference organized by the Commercial Aviation Commission of the PanAmerican Union in 1928. The USA and sixteen Latin American States, except for Argentina, Paraguay, and Peru, were the parties of the Convention. The correct answer is E.

It was established by the Chicago Convention in Part II. It is an international organization with an international personality and is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. Its permanent seat is in Montreal, Canada, as decided on 6 June 1946. Over the years, Regional offices have been established in different parts of the world. The correct answer is D.