ULUSLARARASI KAMU HUKUKU II - Deneme Sınavı - 11

International environmental
politics is also a competition over “who is going to
get the most over others” and those new challenges
and controversies concerning burden sharing will
necessitate further development and refinement of
environmental regimes and institutions. Namely the correct answer is given in option A.

Ecology is “the science of the economy of animals and plants; that branch of biology which deals with the relationship of living organisms to their surroundings, their habits and modes of life” (Dobson, 1991: 1). According to this definition the correct answer is D.

Metaphors like “spaceship earth”
and “lifeboat earth” highlighted the fragility of the
planet earth and finite, limited and irreplaceable
character of the natural resources on the earth. So, the correct answer is given in option C.

In 1972, Stockholm Conference
on Human Environment brought
representatives of developed and
developing countries together
and underlined the necessity of
international action in solving
global environmental problems. The
Stockholm Declaration introduced
a number of new principles and
initiated major developments for
environmental policy, among which
institutionalization of environmental policies, i.e., establishment of environment ministries deserves
special attention. According to these, the correct answer is given in option B.

The Brundtland Report’s understanding of
sustainable development and sustainability focused
on two key concepts, which are ‘needs’, particularly
the needs of the world’s poor, and ‘limitations’
on the environment’s ability to meet present and
future needs. Namely, the correct answer is option E.

in 1992, the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED)
was held in Rio. In UNCED participant countries
signed the Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development and Agenda 21: Programme
of Action for Sustainable Development, which
sought to operationalize the commitment to
sustainable development. Following the UNCED
in Rio, where more than 178 governments adopted
the Agenda 21, (the Rio Declaration and related
documents) sustainable development became a
widely agreed policy principle and strategy guiding
the national environmental policies of these
signatory countries. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option A.

The first case brought to international arbitration
was the 1893 Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration, which
involved a dispute between the United States and
the United Kingdom in relation to the protection
of fur seals in the Bering Sea from alleged
overexploitation of United Kingdom in areas
beyond national jurisdiction. Namely, the correct answer is D.

Article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties:
“A State is obliged to refrain from acts which
would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty
when:
(a) it has signed the treaty or has exchanged
instruments constituting the treaty
subject to ratification, acceptance or
approval, until it shall have made its
intention clear not to become a party to
the treaty; or
(b) it has expressed its consent to be bound
by the treaty, pending the entry into
force of the treaty and provided that such
entry into force is not unduly delayed.”

According to this article, the correct answer is given in option E.

Rise of environmental movements and realization of global environmental threats that could have an effect on the welfare of all humankind, like the depletion of the ozone layer and global climate change, gave a higher status for environmental problems

Ecology, is “the science of the economy of animals and plants; that branch of biology which deals with the relationship of living organisms to their surroundings, their habits and modes of life”.

Sustainable development aims to reduce economic dependency in the long run.

Treaties dealing with access to fishery resources dates back to 1351 with the conclusion of a fishery treaty between England and Castile.

This dispute between the United States and Canada emerged out of air pollution
stemming from a smelter in Canada with negative consequences on the US state of Washington.

The first case brought to international arbitration was the 1893 Pacific Fur Seal Arbitration, which involved a dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom in relation to the protection of fur seals in the Bering Sea from alleged overexploitation of United Kingdom in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Second phase of international environmental law starts with the establishment of the UN.

The UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in June 1972 marks the beginning of the third phase of international environmental law

No Harm Principle is associated to prevention principle and deals with the regulation of crossboundary effects of activities undertaken within the jurisdiction of a state.

A protocol signifies an instrument that creates legally binding obligations at international law.

1972

Sustainable development is “development which ensures that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.