ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change. The change variables are the crucial ones since these processes change the characteristics of the focal firm and its environment and then trigger further changes. They involve knowledge development processes, including learning, creating and trust-building; and commitment processes, including reconfiguring resources and coordinating. The correct answer is C.

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning.  Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics, including concentrating resources around strategic goals, accumulating resources more efficiently, complementing one kind of resource with another, conserving resources whenever possible, and recovering resources from the market-place as quickly as possible. The correct answer is D.

First-mover advantages include catching learning effects, achieving economies of scale, and forging alliances with the most attractive local partner, and setting the standards and rules. The correct answer is B.

The born-global firm refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly into international markets. The correct answer is E.

Exporting has many advantages:

However, there are some disadvantages of exporting as well:

The correct answer is C.

Partner fit is the congruence between the partners’ visions. The correct answer is A.

Contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. They include contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, research and development contracts, joint marketing, consortia, turnkey projects, build-operate-transfer arrangements, and management contracts. The correct answer is D.

Consortia are project-based ventures initiated by multiple partners to fulfill large-scale projects. They are usually formed with a contract that delineates the rights and obligations of each member. The correct answer is E.

Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills.

Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change.

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change. The change variables are the crucial ones since these processes change the characteristics of the focal firm and its environment and then trigger further changes. They involve knowledge development processes, including learning,creating and trust-building; and commitment processes, including reconfiguring resources and coordinating.

The state variables include both operational (resources, skills, relationships, and organizational culture) and dynamic (integrating, building and reconfiguring competencies) capabilities, commitments (the distribution of resources over the firm’s functions, its product lines, the countries where it is active, and the networks in which it has invested), and the performance of the firm.

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning.

Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics.

Linkage refers to connecting and making business with resource-rich companies or companies already active in the target market.

Learning refers to the repeated application of linkage and leverage.

Exporting is an entry mode through which products produced in one country are sold to customers in the other country or countries.