ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME

ICT includes all devices, networking components, information systems and applications, and other digital systems that are combined to allow people and companies to interact, learn, live and work.

Blockchain, which is the technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, is recent digital technology that can be used to create business value. It is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets (e.g. house, land, cash) and intangible assets in a business network.

In our textbook, technology is concerned with two primary components. One involves the physical components such as products, tools, equipment, computers, blueprints, techniques, and processes. The other one is the informational component such as the knowledge in management, production, marketing and other functional areas including the related know-how such as quality control and reliability.

ERP refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities such as marketing, risk management, and supply chain operations. ERP systems combine fragmented information from key functional areas (Sales, Finance, etc.) and many different information systems (Supply Chain Management System, Customer
Relationship Management Systems, etc.). Information is stored in a single comprehensive data repository (a database) where it can be used by those who need it regardless of where they are located.

E-commerce activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones and tablets are called mobile commerce or m-commerce. It is the fastest-growing form of e-commerce because of the global high adoption rate, the increase in devices computing power, and the availability of m-commerce applications or apps. Popular apps include the buying and selling of digital products and services such as music and movies, physical products, bill payments, and Mobile  banking. Location-based services such as Uber and Airbnb provide services based on users’ current or intended locations. On the other hand, IaaS or Infrastructure as a service is an activity of Cloud computing.

Both big data and business analytics can change the basis of competition by improving a firm’s core operations (like ways to streamline internal processes) or by launching entirely new business models such as radical personalization by micro-segmenting a population based on the characteristics of individuals. Using the applications anywhere with Internet access is irrelevant in terms of big data and business analytics;  however it is about cloud computing.

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets and intangible assets in a business network. Blockchain allows digital records and information to be shared in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner without centralized, trusted third parties such as a bank or a government agency. Global businesses can enable transactions to take place more efficiently, economically, and quickly with a high level of security. So, the security is not loosened, it is tight.

Code of ethics is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly. So, code of ethics is an organizational level concept.

SA8000 certification standard for socially acceptable business practices are as in the following:
• Child Labor - any work performed by a child under 15 years of age.
• Forced or Compulsory Labor - all work that a person has not voluntarily offered.
• Health and Safety - a safe and healthy workplace environment.
• Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining - the right to from and join trade unions.
• Discrimination - based on race, national origin, religion, gender, disability, political affiliation or age.
• Disciplinary Practices - no permission of corporal punishment, mental or physical abuse.
• Working Hours - comply with the applicable laws and industry standards.
• Remuneration - compensation of a living wage, meet at least legal or industry minimum standards.
• Management System - integrate the standards into policies, procedures, training, etc.

Primary stakeholders for corporate social responsibility are as in the following:

Shareholders or stockholders and investors

Boards of directors

Employees and managers

Customers

Local communities

Suppliers

Business partners