ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME - Deneme Sınavı - 8

Two broad purposes of international performance appraisal consist of evaluation goals and development goals: Diagnosing individual and organizational problems is a development goal. On the other hand, evaluation goals include providing feedback to employees, so they will know where they stand; identifying high-potential employees; helping management in making discharge and retention decisions; and providing a means of warning employees about unsatisfactory
performance.

Internal workforce composition is an organizational or an MNC internal
environment factor in determining international compensation policy.

For ethnocentric companies, compensation is related to how much home-country expatriates should be paid; and for polycentric companies, the pay can and should be kept country-specific. For
companies with geocentric staffing policies, there is a need for a cadre of international managers that may include many different nationalities. If all the members of the same cadre are paid the same salary and incentives, it would be expensive for MNEs. For example, foreign nationals should be paid at the U.S. compensation levels if the company is based in the U.S.A.

International product market may be a factor which influences industrial relations, but it is not actor of industrial relations.

First of all, process of the planning, recruiting and selecting, training and developing, evaluating, and retaining employees is called human resource management. Secondly, an approach is ethnocentric when strategic decisions are made at the headquarters; and critical positions in both the domestic and foreign operations of an MNE are filled by personnel from the parent country. Thirdly, professional employees working in a country other than their own are  called expatriates. Last but not least, compensation is defined as all forms of pay going to employees that arise from their employment. In conclusion, industrial relations is a broad concept covering all aspects of employment relationships with particular attention to labor and management relations.

Standardization and globalization are the two terms which emphasize the convergence of international marketing strategy and the tendency toward globalization.

Ethnoscapes are the people mobile throughout the globe, such as immigrants, tourists, guest workers. So, these mobile people always get
in contact with the stable ones. Their mobility influences the politics of and between nations. Technoscapes are the sorts of technology (high or low, mechanical or informational) spread amidst “complex relationships between money flows, political possibilities, and the availability of both low and highly-skilled labor” (Appadurai, 1990:
298). Financescapes are the intricate movements of global capital in the form of currency markets, national stock exchanges, and speculations. Mediascapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur. Mediascapes create and
introduce imagined lives, places, and lifestyles. Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Usunier and Lee (2005) identify four significant elements of culture: language, institutions, material productions, and symbolic productions. Language helps the members of a culture to share and transmit
information. It also shapes our thought patterns, our worldviews, and our behavior. Institutions group people and ask them to conform
to the rules in return for some rewards. Family, political institutions, and
gender are examples of social institutions defining social norms and roles. Material productions can be in various forms, e.g., artwork, intellectual productions, physical productions like tools, machines, or service productions like hospitals or media. Finally, symbolic productions determine the relationship between the physical and the
metaphysical. For example, some religions ban certain food items. While the Hindu do not eat cow meat since the animal is considered sacred,
Muslims have halal rules to obey.

Government policies and attitudes toward business are to secure the national interests and the wellbeing of the society and to promote the political philosophy of the country. Business legislations are the laws protecting companies from unfair competition and consumers from
unequal business activities, and the interests of the society against unrestrained corporate interests. Trade barriers are the laws that favor local businesses against foreign ones. Values and morals are fundamental cultural assumptions such as religion, ethnic culture, or national identity. Thus, a political environment involves governmental institutions, political parties, pressure groups, and  organizations through which power is exercised over various organizations and people in a society.

Industry structure refers to market competition and the profitability of the industry. Industry structure can be identified by analyzing entry barriers, threats of substitutes that perform the same function, power of the customer, power of the suppliers, and the rivalry among competitors.

Market potential is a measure that combines the size of the market and the competitive advantage used to compare markets.

Targeting strategies can be grouped into three at the global level: standardization, differentiation, and niche or concentrated marketing. The degree of internationalization shows the number and the size of the competitors who are not domestic and operating in the market in segmentation strategy. Foreign consumer culture positioning, where the company associates the brand with a specific
foreign country or culture is positioning startegy.

The core customer value of a product refers to the benefit of the product to the customers. On the other hand, the actual product 
consists of quality level, features, design, packaging, and brand name.

Because other marketing mix elements (product, distribution channel, marketing communications) incur costs.

Mediascapes are about the production and dissemination of information through different types of media where the boundaries between the real and the fictional blur.

Ideoscapes are political, and they indicate mainly the spread of the Enlightenment worldview, which consists of notions like democracy, welfare, freedom, rights, and sovereignty.

Culture is not static but dynamic.

Power distance demonstrates the degree of tolerance toward the unequal distribution of power in a society (Usunier and Lee, 2005).

In centrally-planned capitalism, resources are owned privately, but the state conducts resource allocation.