ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME - Deneme Sınavı - 9

Here are the dimensions and their definitions in the GLOBE project:

Power distance: The degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared.

Collectivism II: The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families.

Future orientation: The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification.

Humane orientation: The degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others.

Performance orientation: The degree to which an organization or society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence.

In our textbook, technology is concerned with two primary components. One involves the physical components such as products, tools, equipment, computers, blueprints, techniques, and processes. The other one is the informational component such as the knowledge in management, production, marketing and other functional areas including the related know-how such as quality control and reliability.

ERP refers to a suite of computer software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage core business processes and activities such as marketing, risk management, and supply chain operations. ERP systems combine fragmented information from key functional areas (Sales, Finance, etc.) and many different information systems (Supply Chain Management System, Customer
Relationship Management Systems, etc.). Information is stored in a single comprehensive data repository (a database) where it can be used by those who need it regardless of where they are located.

E-commerce activities which are conducted through wireless handheld devices like smartphones and tablets are called mobile commerce or m-commerce. It is the fastest-growing form of e-commerce because of the global high adoption rate, the increase in devices computing power, and the availability of m-commerce applications or apps. Popular apps include the buying and selling of digital products and services such as music and movies, physical products, bill payments, and Mobile  banking. Location-based services such as Uber and Airbnb provide services based on users’ current or intended locations. On the other hand, IaaS or Infrastructure as a service is an activity of Cloud computing.

Both big data and business analytics can change the basis of competition by improving a firm’s core operations (like ways to streamline internal processes) or by launching entirely new business models such as radical personalization by micro-segmenting a population based on the characteristics of individuals. Using the applications anywhere with Internet access is irrelevant in terms of big data and business analytics;  however it is about cloud computing.

Blockchain is a distributed, decentralized public ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking tangible assets and intangible assets in a business network. Blockchain allows digital records and information to be shared in a secure, transparent, and immutable manner without centralized, trusted third parties such as a bank or a government agency. Global businesses can enable transactions to take place more efficiently, economically, and quickly with a high level of security. So, the security is not loosened, it is tight.

Code of ethics is a formal written document that organizations use to guide employees in their actions and decision makings in order to conduct business fairly and honestly. So, code of ethics is an organizational level concept.

SA8000 certification standard for socially acceptable business practices are as in the following:
• Child Labor - any work performed by a child under 15 years of age.
• Forced or Compulsory Labor - all work that a person has not voluntarily offered.
• Health and Safety - a safe and healthy workplace environment.
• Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining - the right to from and join trade unions.
• Discrimination - based on race, national origin, religion, gender, disability, political affiliation or age.
• Disciplinary Practices - no permission of corporal punishment, mental or physical abuse.
• Working Hours - comply with the applicable laws and industry standards.
• Remuneration - compensation of a living wage, meet at least legal or industry minimum standards.
• Management System - integrate the standards into policies, procedures, training, etc.

Primary stakeholders for corporate social responsibility are as in the following:

Shareholders or stockholders and investors

Boards of directors

Employees and managers

Customers

Local communities

Suppliers

Business partners

Economic sustainability recognizes the importance of providing secure employment while creating a healthy natural environment as the basis for a dynamic economy. Businesses can focus on limiting their use of natural resources in terms of water, land and air. They can adopt new
production processes to limit water usage (water conservations) or to limit the discharge of polluted waste into water, land, and air.

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.

A free trade agreement (FTA) a pact between a group of countries that have reduced trade barriers/tariffs to exports and imports among them to increase the trade of goods and services.

Outsourcing is the subcontracting or contracting out of activities to endogenous organizations that had previously been performed by the firm.

Reshoring is the process of bringing production back to the developed nations.

Internationalization is described as the process by which a firm gradually changes in response to the imperatives of international competition, domestic market saturation, desire for expansion, new markets, and diversification.

A Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries.

An MNC (Multinational Corporation) is a firm that has operations and international sales in more than one country and a mix of nationalities among managers and owners.

A Born-global firm is a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception.

Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.