ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME - Deneme Sınavı - 3

• AI can radically change the way we live and work.
• In the near future, the presence of AI is expected to be pervasive.
• AI is one of the most powerful technologies that is often poorly understood even though it has been around for over 60 years.
• AI is generally defined as the ability of machines to perform cognitive functions associated with human minds such as perceiving, reasoning, learning, and problem solving, i.e., machines that could think autonomously.

• CSR can be viewed as the relationship between organizations and the societies including all stakeholder groups as well as the responsibilities from both sides of the relationship.
• CSR refers to a view of corporations that assume a responsibility to pursue social goals in addition to profit maximization and a responsibility among their stakeholders to hold them accountable for their actions.
• There are large numbers of stakeholder groups for CSR issues as they have the potential to affect many people around the world.
• Typical stakeholders for business firms: primary stakeholders have a direct stake in an organization while secondary stakeholders have an indirect stake in a firm though they may still be influential especially in terms of a firm’s reputation and public standing.

Defensive approach. This approach indicates that managers focus on legal compliance but nothing more. In this case, a manager’s attitude is that CSR initiatives add costs for the firm. Since firms may face pressures from the media and activist groups, managers may admit some responsibility in case of wrongdoing but will fight the situation. Global firms may act and operate differently in different locations depending on the rule of law and other pressures from various stakeholders.

Accommodative approach. This approach indicates that managers accept social responsibilities, meet all legal requirements, and often act beyond those requirements. Adopting a universal code of conduct would indicate to stakeholders that the firm is willing to accept CSR and make ethical decisions regardless of their location. Firms will try to do the right things (CSR) and to do things right (ethics).

Proactive approach. This indicates that managers will follow the highest degree of ethical standards and of socially responsible practices. Firms not only do all that is required but at the same time anticipate, actively participate, and seek the opportunity to contribute to CSR initiatives globally (even in places they have no operations).

Assets refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets (Dunning & Lundan, 2008: 96). Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.

Late-mover advantages comprise free-riding on first movers’ pioneering investments, avoiding considerable technological and market related uncertainties, and evading being locked into a set of fixed assets or cannibalizing the existing product lines in favor of the new ones.