ULUSLARARASI İŞLETME - Deneme Sınavı - 2

Assets not available to another country’s firms refer to ownership-specific advantages because they are assumed to be unique to firms of a particular nationality of ownership. These assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills. Alternatively, assets might be specific to a particular location (location-specific advantages) in their origin and use, such as lower costs of production, strict protection of property rights, and broader markets. The correct answer is A.

In the IP model, there are two types of variables: state and change. The change variables are the crucial ones since these processes change the characteristics of the focal firm and its environment and then trigger further changes. They involve knowledge development processes, including learning, creating and trust-building; and commitment processes, including reconfiguring resources and coordinating. The correct answer is C.

The LLL framework has three pillars: linkage, leverage, and learning.  Leverage refers to gaining access to resources which are outside the firm and which can be incorporated through specific tactics, including concentrating resources around strategic goals, accumulating resources more efficiently, complementing one kind of resource with another, conserving resources whenever possible, and recovering resources from the market-place as quickly as possible. The correct answer is D.

The born-global firm refers to a young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving quickly into international markets. The correct answer is E.

Exporting has many advantages:

However, there are some disadvantages of exporting as well:

The correct answer is C.

Partner fit is the congruence between the partners’ visions. The correct answer is A.

Contractual alliances are based on contractual provisions. They include contract manufacturing, licensing, franchising, research and development contracts, joint marketing, consortia, turnkey projects, build-operate-transfer arrangements, and management contracts. The correct answer is D.

Consortia are project-based ventures initiated by multiple partners to fulfill large-scale projects. They are usually formed with a contract that delineates the rights and obligations of each member. The correct answer is E.

Individualism is the political philosophy that people should be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without constraint.

Collectivism as an ideology views the whole society as more important than its parts.

Table 1.1 on pg 8 shows the kinds of industries that are sensitive to each component of distance.

Totalitarianism is a political system in which there is only one representative party which exhibits control over every facet of political and social life.

The World Bank is less controversial than the IMF. Its primary responsibility is promoting economic development. It was founded in 1944.

Cultural values affect technology transfer, managerial attitudes, managerial ideologies, and business-government relations (Luthans and Doh, 2018: 124-125).

Countries and regions such as Japan, China, the Middle East, South America, and southern Europe are said to be high context cultures

Power distance is the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be unequally shared.

Humane orientation is the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others.

Globalization is a pervasive concept used to characterize the current state of the world economy but differently understood by those who describe it as a phenomenon.

Assets include tangible resources, such as natural resources, equipment, and capital; and intangible resources, such as intellectual properties (e.g., patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and managerial or marketing skills.

Many high-tech Western companies have manufacturing facilities located outside home countries. These facilities offer cheaper but also high-quality labor. Firms choose to internationalize either they have ownership-specific advantages or they seek for location-specific advantages.