ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ II

Steve Smith’s important article titled ‘The Increasing Insecurity of Security Studies: Conceptualising Security in the last Twenty Years’ is considered as the first user of the term ‘Aberystwyth School’.

The correct choice is D.

Critical security studies emerged firstly with the article of “Security and Emancipation” written by Ken Booth in 1991.

The correct choice is D.

Privileging the individual (not the state) as the referent object of security is one of the main characteristics of Aberystwyth School.

The correct choice is C.

According to Max Horkheimer, traditional theory is about the reproduction of status quo.

The correct choice is E.

Frankfurt School has focused on issues such as culture, bureaucracy, nature of authoritarianism and social structure instead of analysis of economic base of society.

Frankfurt School criticizes the unequal and hierarchic structures that limit the free development of individuals. Therefore, the most important contribution of Frankfurt School to critical security studies is the concept of “emancipation”.

The correct choice is C.

Ken Booth argues that the best way of conceptualizing of security is to reveal the real conditions of insecurities of individuals and human collectivities. In this respect, security can be achieved through elimination of threats, and the contexts that produce them.

 The correct choice is E.

Conceptually, the referent object concept describes “whose security” will be ensured. In this connection, security is necessarily a subject of referent object.

The correct choice is D.

According to Ken Booth, while some states are in search for security, others are not.

The correct choice is A.

The concept of emancipation distinguishes Aberystwyth School from other critical perspectives on security.

The correct choice is C.

Ken Booth and Richard Wyn Jones are two important representatives of Aberystwyth School in security studies. The answer is A.

Aberystwyth School argues for the reconceptualization of security studies by focusing on the emancipation of human beings. The answer is B.

Antonio Gramsci introduced the concept of hegemony and made a crucial contribution to the 20th-century political thought. The answer is C.

The most important characteristics of Aberystwyth School can be summarized as follows:

Jurgen Habermas, Theodore Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Max Horkheimer are the representatives of the Frankfurt School. The answer is E.

Security as a derivative concept implies that security outcomes result from different political aims and facts. In other words, for Aberystwyth School which questions the objective world conception of traditional security thinking, security would get different meanings depending on different worldviews and different rhetorics. The answer is A.

Negative peace means the absence of physical violence. The answer is B.

Canada, Norway, and Japan are some leading countries for the promotion of the growing importance of human security conception for world security. The answer is C.

According to the Aberystwyth School, emancipation produces true security. The answer is D.

Othering causes the marginalization of social groups, especially in the post-Cold War era. The answer is E.