ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ II

The modern concept has always been used to express the transition from old to new since the 5th century (Habermas, 1994: 31-32). From the moment modernism moved from the idea of God-centered to human-centered thinking, its sole purpose has been to defeat nature and to achieve a better and more beautiful life.

Marxist thinking draws a crucial distinction between modern colonialism and earlier colonialism, while earlier colonialism adopts a non-capitalist figuration, modern colonialism was in existence alongside capitalism in Europe.

John A. Hobson was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism.

According to Said, the orientalist creates the Orient through his writing, in the process, and he helps in the creation of a series of stereotypical images, according to which Europe (the West, the ‘self’) is seen as being essentially rational, developed, humane, superior, virtuous, normal and masculine, while the Orient (the East, the ‘other’) is seen as being irrational, backward, despotic, inferior, depraved, aberrant and feminine sexually

Jacques Derrida on the other hand, uses the concept of deconstruction in his critique of Western metaphysics or logocentrism essentially as a stereotyped way of thinking based on Western thought, but instead uses dichotomies such as in / out, male / female, present / absent, West / East. In fact, each distinction represents a hierarchy in which the first one is considered superior, the other one represents the excluded and neglected one.

Césaire, is one of the most important figures of Martinique like Fanon and he deeply influenced contemporary postcolonial writers with his opinions. “Discourse on Colonialism” (1955) is his book which later became one of the most fundamental works of post-colonial writing. He advocates that the pseudo-humanism that is actually the colonialist has got a fake understanding of humanity. Pseudo-humanism makes the colonialist uncivilized and brutal.

The most important part where Bhabha is different from Said and Spivak is that he considers the colonial phenomenon as an opportunity for cultural exchange, and, unlike Spivak, subaltern can actually speak for themselves and this speech emerges as a mimicry and is hybrid

When it comes to critiques of post-colonialism which focus on the word -post- , it was problematized whether these analyses discussed -post- colonialism or -pre- colonialism. Also there are some differences between immigrants in developed countries that constitute hybridity and people living in third world countries in terms of status, economic and political independence with very limited upward mobility etc.