ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ II

In International Relations, balance of power refers to the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side.

According to Realizm, the state is the main object of security. The correct answer is C.

The CS contributed to security studies in three major theoretical and conceptual ways: the theory of securitization, the notion of different sectors of security and regional security complex theory.

The Copenhagen School has developed the theory of securitization that was first put forward by Ole Waever. The correct answer is E.

Regional security complexes are defined as sets of units whose security processes and dynamics are so interlinked that security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed and resolved apart from one another.

Desecuritization is the process of shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate. The correct answer is B.

The Copenhagen School's view of security is closely associated with speech act. The correct answer is C.

Epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes. The correct answer is D.

A standard regional security complex has no great power. The correct answer is E.

The Copenhagen School (CS), which emerged in the 1990s, has been and is being used to refer to the works of Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde and others studying international security.

The adherents of the CS assert that security cannot be confined only to military issues and thus broaden the conception of security to include military, political, economic, societal and environmental issues.

Balance of power, in international relations, the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side. States can pursue a policy of balance of power in two ways: by increasing their own power, as when engaging in an armaments race or in the competitive acquisition of territory; or by adding to their own power that of other states, as when embarking upon a policy of alliances.

Bandwagon is the opposite of balance of power strategy. States following the strategy of bandwagon prefer to join the powerful state instead of balancing its power.

According to the CS, security cannot be confined only to the military sector but should include other sectors, such as economic, societal, political and environmental. From Realism’s views about security, one can infer that states’ power positions vis-à-vis each other determine whether states are secure or insecure in the system. In this sense, Realism implies that threats to security are objective and exist out there regardless of whether states recognize them as such. This point constitutes the second difference between Realism and the CS. Whereas Realism argues that threats are objective; the CS argues that they are intersubjective.

Referent objects are things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival.

Securitization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat. Securitizing

Speech Act: The act of saying security in relation to an issue.

Securitizing Move: An attempt to securitize an issue by labeling it as a security issue.

Desecuritization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate.

Asecurity: A condition in which issues tend to remain un-securitized, and are dealt with primarily as political issues or considered as non-political.

Securitizing Actors: These are governments, international organizations or civil society actors that securitize an issue by articulating the existence of threat(s) to the survival of specific referent object.

For the CS, in the military sector, the most important, but not the only, referent object is the state. Thus, the preservation of the state becomes a priority as in the traditional view of security.

An  epistemic community  is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decisionmakers to  define  the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes.

Regional security complex theory (RSCT) was first developed by Barry Buzan in the 1980s and over time it was updated and applied by a wide range of theoreticians belonging to the CS to different regions in the world ranging from the Middle East to Asia and Europe.

There are eleven RSCs in the world with three main categories. The main criterion in establishing those categories is the number of great powers located in each RSC. Three of those categories are called centered (North America, the CIS, and the EU-Europe), one is a great power complex (East Asia), and the remaining seven are standard (South America, South Asia, the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa). There is only one great power in the centered RSC, more than one power in the great power RSC, and no great power in the standard RSC.

Copenhagen School