ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ II

Richard Ashley wrote the article titled “Poverty of Neorealism”, which heavily criticizes Kenneth Waltz’s neorealism, pointing out to its emphasis on systemic anarchy which serves the hegemon power, state centrism, utilitarianism, positivist bias, and lack of historicity.

The correct answer is C.

Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault are among the most scholars that made the most significant contribution to poststructuralism.

The correct answer is D.

In the traditional approach, state is considered as natural and necessary. However, poststructuralists oppose to this idea strictly and focus on the creation of state. According to them, there is no existence of subject/state prior to the political practice. Sovereign states are continuously rebuilt through historical and political practices. It acquires an identity hereby with these actions.

This does not mean that poststructuralism is an anti-state approach. This approach neither ignores the state nor aims to move beyond the state.

The correct answer is A.

Deconstruction is the best-known and noteworthy form of poststructural criticism. The concept was first outlined by Jacques Derrida in "Of Grammatology" published in 1976. Derrida explained the interaction between language and the construction of meaning in this book.

The correct answer is E.

Poststructuralism

discursive

Sovereignty

Michel Foucault approached the issue of power with different perspective from the traditional theories. In traditional approaches, power is considered to be something that can be possessed: individuals or states have power but some have more than others. Foucault conceptualized the traditional power as ‘juridico-discursive” where power comes from above, from a sovereign.

The correct answer is B.

Content analysis

Deconstruction

Foucault

Genealogy

Foucault challenged the traditional approach that power comes from the above, in other words from a sovereign. According to Foucault, power should not be seen as something that preexisting entities possess but as something generated in relationships. Therefore, according to Foucault, there is no power, but there are power relations. Power relations can feature in family relations or can be in play within an institution or an administration.

The correct answer is E.

defending

presuppose

For Foucault, discourse cannot be inconceivable separated from the epistemes of the historical period in which it arises. Discourse, is an instrument of constituting knowledge, together with the social practice and power relations. On the one hand, discourse is created and perpetuated by the power; on the other hand, power is produced and transmitted by discourse. As expressed by Foucault, discourses constitute the reality, what can be thought and said about the world. Discourse as defined by Foucault, is the whole of the practices that construct the objects it speaks on or creates its own truth. So, according to Foucault there is no universal reality or truth as in poststructuralist thought. He asserts that meaning, truth and morality are created through discourse.

The correct answer is C.

Genealogy deals with the imposition of present on the past. This methodology focuses on the complex relationship between discourse and power, and tries to show that history is shaped within the framework of these relations and does not have continuity. 

The correct answer is B.

assumption

Foucault defined archaeology as a method of analysis that aims to unearth intellectual structures and historical a priori underlying different methods, concepts and theories of an idea and thought that dominates a particular period. In his work called “The Order of Things”, he developed the notion of epitome and  said that to understand the social structures and the individuals acting according to the social parameters formed within this structure; the researchers should focus on changing historical conditions, not on time-independent and unchanging a priori ideas. In simple terms, he said that they should evaluate each event/case according to its context and the conditions of its time.

The correct answer is D.