ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ II - Deneme Sınavı - 6

The “third wave” of feminism on the other hand, covered the period of 1990s and early 2000s and criticized the fact that the first two waves of feminism were dominated by white women from advanced capitalist societies.

Although the words gender and sex are often used interchangeably, they have slightly different connotations; sex tends to refer to biological differences, while gender more often refers to cultural and social differences and sometimes encompasses a broader range of identities than the binary of male and female.

Masculinity signifies the qualities or attributes regarded as typical characteristics of men and menly behaviours, “femininity” involves distinctive characteristics or behaviours associated with women. It combines features of a hierarchy of masculinities, differential access among men to power (over women and other men), and the interplay between men’s identity, men’s ideals, interactions, power, and patriarchy

Postmodern feminism rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of IR in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender. Postmodern feminists claim that gender roles are arbitrarily constructed; and therefore, the relationship between gender and power should be re-evaluated in an unrestricted way.

Cyntia Enloe is one of the most prominent feminist scholars, best known for her work on gender and the role of women. Her work Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989) is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations. Enloe in her work, seeks to find a legitimate answer to the question “Where are the women?”; and casts unacknowledged different public roles to women who involve themselves as plantation sector workers, diplomatic wives etc.

Based on the general framework suggested by the authors, scholars and thinkers of feminist IR, this subfield’s general contribution to mainstream IR studies can be summarized as below:

• Gender analysis should be introduced in order to dismantle the traditional theoretical structure of IR;

• The “male-stream” view of traditional “high politics” issues such as national interest, power, security, security and war should be revealed;

• The identification of the key concepts of IR such as man, the state, power, rationality, and security, with a masculine logic of IR should be criticized;

• Feminist IR should be ethically committed to inclusivity and self-reflexivity, and attentiveness to relationships and power.

Radical feminism primarily aims to formulate new ways of understanding the relationship between men and women; and believes that it is the male-dominated hierarchy (or patriarchy) that is responsible for the oppressed status of women today (Maynard, 1995: 260; Walby, 1990: 3). Therefore, it believes in “going to the root” or the source (of the problem). According to this branch of feminism, if changes are not brought about in this hierarchy, there can be no equality between men and women, and that a total reconstruction of the society is necessary to bring about the desired reforms.

Mutual enablement

J. Ann Tickner

Liberal feminism advocates for equality between the sexes through social and political reforms, and legal means; they argue that only with the attainment of equal rights between men and women, feminism can reach its objective. The correct answer is C.

Marxist feminism asserts that the oppressed status of women can be attributed to the unequal treatment at both the workplace and in the house. The correct answer is B.

Radical feminism refers to the necessity of changing and strengthening the role of women in the production system of the society in the process of establishing a new societal order in which gender-based division of labor is defied to the highest degree. The correct answer is C.

Postmodern feminism rejects the assertions of liberal feminist approach and attempts to deconstruct realist interpretations of IR in order to uncover the concealed yet existent influences of gender. The correct answer is C.

Postcolonial feminism has developed as a response to feminism focusing solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures. The correct answer is E.

In contrast to the other feminist typologies, cultural feminism overlooks developments in political sphere and focuses on cultural sphere instead. The correct answer is D.

The publication of Millennium as the first journal in the subfield of feminism in 1988, with a special issue on women and international relations, symbolizes the attempts of feminist IR scholars to change the genderblind tendency of IR studies. The correct answer is D.

Cyntia Enloe is one of the most prominent feminist scholars, best known for her work on gender and the role of women. Her work Bananas, Beaches and Bases (1989) is considered as one of the upmost works on feminist international relations. The correct answer is B.

In her work Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, Tickner applies various feminist perspectives to international politics and calls to mind the constructive criticisms of mainstream IR theories such as realism, liberalism and Marxism. The correct answer is A.

Sylvester puts forward three kinds of epistemologies: i) empiricism and liberalism; ii) standpoint and radical-cultural politics, and iii) social feminist practice and postmodern skepticism. The correct answer is B.

Feminism problematizes the gender relations within the research framework. The correct answer is A.