ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community.

Empirical theories intensify on the real reasons of relations between statesmen and foreign policy.

The scholars that base their arguments on relativism refuse cosmopolitanism. In other words, they do not accept the universality of some values. Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them.

The background of this cosmopolitan viewpoint rests on the idea of common law in Roman Empire. According to this approach, values transcend the societies, and it is not possible to attribute them to one society.

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.

For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests overlap. And as he works for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people.

Jus ad bellum refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general.

Self-determination is the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have.

Pacta Sunt Servanda:

A principle of international law that treaties and other international engagements are bin- ding upon the nations that accede to them, and obligations accepted under such engagements must be performed, or reparations made in the event of a breach.

Perpetual peace approach of Kant and European federation idea of J. J. Rousseau were interesting examples for normative studies

Post-behavioralism moved to fill this gap, and in 1980s the problem was still not completely overcome, but at least normative theories regained their popularity. It was required to adopt a new idealist viewpoint that moral values would play significant role for policy making processes to reach a stable and peaceful world.

Immanuel Kant

Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice.

Universal law or universal principle refers as concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings’ conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate.

Kant (1724-1804), who is the best known representative of the cosmopolitan understanding, discusses ethics and reason in his studies, as well, and he takes on hand the concepts of peace and war as the basic phenomena of social structure. According to him, an individual has the freedom to choose right, ethic and moral. The ethical laws are known to individuals, and they are universally obligatory rules for all humankind.

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

Emphasizing the concept of justice, Rawl insists that social values (freedom, opportunity, income, wealth and respectfulness) are delivered equally to individuals.

Furthermore, Truman Doctrine declared in the aftermath of the Second World War, was expressed as an “help to free nations”.

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference.

According to realist writers, in a real world, sovereign state seeks to increase its power. States looking for power and national interest are not expected to be ethical.