ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

According to Krasner, regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations. “International regime can be defined as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations. Principles are beliefs of fact, causation, and rectitude. Norms are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations. Rules are specific prescriptions or proscriptions for action. Decision-making procedures are prevailing practices for making and implementing collective choice”. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The purpose of regimes is to form a frame for facilitating the solution of problems through treaties. Regimes as Jervis stated are not only making the cooperation easier in short run, but also in the long run, providing an environment of cooperation for promoting relations. Therefore, the correct option is A.

International regimes reduce uncertainties and provide a reference for which behaviors are false or right. In other words, regimes facilitate the identification of violations of rules in social, political and security related fields. Moreover, they also reduce the cost of common effort for those responding to such violations. According to Krasner, regimes make it easier to reach an agreement for parties, since it increases the communication among sides and influence the quality and quantity of knowledge in a positive manner. Therefore, the correct option is E.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Common assumptions
1 States operate in an anarchic international system.
2 States are rational and unitary actors.
3 States are the units responsible for establishing regimes.
4 Regimes are established on the basis of cooperation in the international system.
5 Regimes promote international order.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Liberal institutionalists
1 Regimes enable states to collaborate.
2 Regimes promote the common good.
3 Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
4 Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Realists
1 Regimes enable states to coordinate.
2 Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
3 Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
4 The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

Keohane elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled as “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order. As well, he noted that hegemony and cooperation would not be opposite concepts since most of the international cooperation was raised in post-Second World War era, in which American hegemonic leadership was an issue. Therefore, the correct option is B.

IRT is a theory to explain the peace and cooperation among nations. As it is known, peace and order can only be explained by realist writers through the concepts of national interest and selfish interest, but functional theories explain it through the benefits of international organizations. On the other hand, according to liberals, peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Theory of International regimes has been criticized in different aspects, some of these critiques are acceptance of the states as basic actors and ignorance of the non-state actors. While the advocators of regime theories reply that even these actors might be influential in political process, in final stage the states do make the decision as a dominant actor in IR, which are determined through power relations. Some critics of the theory claim that regime theory can only be applied to liberal states. But the defenders of this theory respond that all states, more or less at least for some issues, would need a regime in IR. As noted earlier, increasing economic welfare and security concerns would enforce the states to sacrifice some of their powers emanating from sovereignty. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Theory of International regimes has been criticized in different aspects, some of these critiques are acceptance of the states as basic actors and ignorance of the non-state actors. While the advocators of regime theories reply that even these actors might be influential in political process, in final stage the states do make the decision as a dominant actor in IR, which are determined through power relations. Some critics of the theory claim that regime theory can only be applied to liberal states. But the defenders of this theory respond that all states, more or less at least for some issues, would need a regime in IR. As noted earlier, increasing economic welfare and security concerns would enforce the states to sacrifice some of their powers emanating from sovereignty. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Keohane (1993:23) argues that “regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations."

Hurrell (1993:50) argues that regime theories introduce the possibility of cooperation in an environment of anarchy in which sovereign states are struggling for power and interest.

Rosecrance argues that regime is thought as a result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Conca (1996) argues that regime can be defined in narrow and broader meanings.

According to Krasner (1982: 186), regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations.

Young (1991: 93) argues that regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviors of states for a certain phenomenon.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes enable states to coordinate" is a realist approach, not a liberalist approach.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote the common good" is not a realist approach but a liberal approach.

According to Haas (1991: 23-24), regimes are products of efforts to conciliate the conflicting interests, and also consequences of developments through which mutual interdependencies would increase the cost for conflicting relations among nations.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order" is a liberal approach, not a realist approach.